Mining and Natural Hazard Vulnerability in the Philippines_9781783080519 -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES -- LIST OF ACRONYMS -- INTRODUCTION -- Phenomenon under Study: Mining amid Natural Hazards -- Neoliberalism: A Controversial Paradigm -- The Disciplinary Location of this Book: Geography -- The four traditions of geography -- Mining: A fruitful topic of geographical research -- Political ecology: A geography-based research field -- The Demarcation of an Important Caveat -- The Outline of the Book -- Chapter One MINING IN THE PHILIPPINES -- The Philippines: A Developing Country in Southeast Asia -- An introduction to the archipelago -- A developing country -- A society dominated by an oligarchy -- Class structure in pre-Hispanic society -- The Spanish colonial period, 1568-1896 -- The revolution of 1896 -- The American colonial period, 1898-1946 -- The Bell Parity Amendments -- A poorly performing economy -- A landscape of poverty and marginalization -- Spaces of vulnerability -- A landscape of violence -- The Moro Islamic Liberation Front -- The New People's Army -- Poverty: The common denominators of both insurgencies -- Overseas Filipino workers: Modern heroes -- Mineral Resources of the Philippines -- The History of Large-Scale Mining in the Philippines -- Chapter Two GOVERNMENT EFFORTS TO ENCOURAGE MINING -- The Ascendency of Neoliberalism -- Modernity: Trust and confidence in experts -- Economics as a discourse of modernity -- The origins of neoliberalism -- Neoliberalism in the Developing World -- Structuralism: The precursor to neoliberalism -- The role of the World Bank -- Neoliberalism and Mining -- Neoliberalism in the Philippines -- Import substitution industrialization during the 1950s -- Export promotion under Diosdado Macapagal -- Ferdinand Marcos and enhanced export promotion.

Fidel Ramos: Philippines 2000 -- Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo: The ideal neoliberal subject -- Neoliberalism and Mining in the Philippines -- Prospects for the mining industry to the year 2000 -- The Mining Act of 1995 -- A reinvigorated mining industry -- Mining: A Leading Engine for Economic Growth -- Chapter Three ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING -- Mining: An Activity with Substantial Potential for Environmental Harm -- Mining's Visual Impacts -- Impacts on Biodiversity -- Acid Mine Drainage -- Mining's most serious environmental effect -- Measuring acid mine drainage -- The mobilization of heavy metals -- Acid mine drainage: Difficult to predict and prevent, impossible to stop -- Subaqueous Tailings Disposal: The Solution to Acid Mine Drainage? -- Tailings dam failures -- Selected tailings dam failures -- The Marcopper tailings spill on the island of Marinduque -- Chemical Spills from Mining Operations -- Cyanide: A chemical agent used in modern mining -- Mercury: A by-product of mining -- Mining's Impacts on Water Resources -- Mining's Impacts upon the Social Environment -- Mining: Clearly an Activity with Substantial Potential for Environmental Harm -- Chapter Four MINING AMID NATURAL HAZARDS -- The Philippines: Spaces of Hazard -- Typhoons: One of the World's Most Powerful Atmospheric Phenomena -- Typhoons: Tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific -- The four characteristics of typhoons -- Vulnerability of the Philippines to typhoons -- Mining and typhoons -- Typhoons and climate change: An increasing risk -- Earthquakes: Extreme Seismic Risk -- Earthquakes: A release of geologic energy -- Vulnerability of the Philippines to earthquakes -- Mining and earthquakes -- Tsunamis: Seismically Induced Floods -- Tsunamis: Seismic sea waves -- Tsunamis in the Philippines -- Mining and tsunamis -- Volcanoes: An Additional Source of Seismic Activity.

Volcanoes: Extrusive igneous phenomenon -- Volcanoes in the Philippines -- Volcanoes and mining -- El Niño-Induced Drought: An Abrupt Decrease in Rainfall -- The El Niño Southern Oscillation: An alteration of global weather patterns -- The effect of El Niño in the Philippines -- El Niño-induced drought and mining -- El Niño-induced drought and climate change -- Synergistic Relations between Hazards -- Synergistic effects between natural hazards -- Natural hazards and anthropogenic environmental degradation -- How These Hazards Can Create a Disaster -- Disaster defined -- The concept of vulnerability -- Poverty: An important determinant of vulnerability -- The Philippines: Spaces of vulnerability -- The high population density of the archipelago -- Poverty in rural areas -- The reliance of the rural poor upon subsistence agriculture and aquaculture -- Indigenous peoples: The most marginalized of the marginalized -- The Philippines: Too Dangerous for Mining? -- Mining and the Bataan Nuclear Plant: Risky Activities in a Hazard-Prone Country? -- Chapter Five TECHNOCRATIC RESPONSES TO THE RISKS -- Government and Industry Awareness of the Risks -- Environmental Impact Assessment: A Tool of Environmental Management? -- Introduction to environmental impact assessment -- Environmental impact assessment in the Philippines -- Environmental impact assessment of mining projects -- The outline of the process -- A process designed for rapid approval -- The importance of environmentally critical areas as spaces of vulnerability -- Assessing the adequacy of the environmental impact assessment system -- Public participation in the environmental impact assessment process -- The importance of participatory planning in disaster risk reduction -- The discretionary nature of public hearings -- A narrow definition of who may participate.

Inadequate dissemination of information -- Arnstein's hierarchy of citizen participation -- A denial of environmental justice -- Technology as the Solution to the Risks -- Technology can prevent disasters -- Technological responses: A controversial topic -- The pollution haven hypothesis -- Best practices in environmental management -- Industry reluctance to bear the necessary costs -- Government reluctance to mandate the appropriate technology -- Technology is only as good as the people who use it -- Australian and Canadian mining companies operating in an unfamiliar environment -- Weak Governance of Mining in the Philippines -- The concept of governance -- The capture of the state by powerful forces -- A lack of state resources to regulate mining properly -- Conflicts of interest at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources -- The high levels of corruption prevailing in the Philippines -- Corruption in the Philippines -- Quantifying corruption -- Corruption and consent -- Low levels of civil liberties in the Philippines -- The extrajudicial killings -- The concept of extrajudicial killings -- The magnitude and location of the killings -- The methodology of the killings -- The role of Major General Jovito Palparan -- The killings of antimining activists -- The extrajudicial killings as a violent dimension of neoliberalism -- From Technological Solutions to Risk Society -- Chapter Six RISK SOCIETY IN THE PHILIPPINES -- Technocratic Solutions as Modernity -- Mining as Ecological Modernization -- With technology, environmental problems will not be obstacles to economic growth -- Mining: A discourse of ecological modernization par excellence -- Risk Society: A Rejection of Modernity -- Traditional society, industrial society and risk society -- Traditional society: Risks beyond the ambit of human control.

Industrial society: Risks emanating from wide-scale social forces -- Risk society: The inability of humans to control their own technologies -- Large-scale mining in the Philippines: An example of risk society -- An extension of risk society into new terrains -- The stratified distribution of the risks -- How the poor bear the costs -- How the rich receive the benefits -- Civil Society Opposition to Mining: A Lack of Faith in Technology -- The Alternative Mining Bill -- Progressive legislation in response to the risks -- A prohibition of mining in hazard-prone areas -- A calamity protection fund -- The management of tailings dams -- Modernity: A concept with shallow roots in the Philippines -- Civil society in the Philippines -- Social movements as vehicles for change -- The opposition of the Roman Catholic Church to mining -- Armed opposition of the New People's Army -- The opposition of local government units -- A localized backlash against mining -- Local governments in the Philippines -- Civil society access to local government units -- The withholding of consent by local governments -- Local government mining moratoriums -- From Risk Society to the Viability of Mining -- Chapter Seven MINING AS A FLAWED DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM -- Mining: A Questionable Development Strategy -- The Twin Pillars of Sustainable Development -- Mining: A Lack of Benefits to Current Generations -- Mining: A poor source of employment creation -- Mining: A low scope for tax revenues -- A lack of linkages to other industries -- The volatility of mineral prices -- The long-term downward trend of real mineral prices -- The falling real prices of minerals over time -- The phenomenon of dematerialization -- The recent rise in commodity prices -- The recent rise in gold prices -- The resource curse thesis -- The crowding out of other economic sectors.

The phenomenon known as the Dutch disease.

This book explores how natural  hazards in the Philippines can amplify the environmental harm prevalent in mining and pose a substantial threat to the livelihoods of archipelago's poor, who depend upon subsistence agriculture and subsistence aquaculture.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.