TY  - BOOK
AU  - Gupta,Ram B.
AU  - Demirbas,Ayhan
TI  - Gasoline, Diesel, and Ethanol Biofuels from Grasses and Plants
SN  - 9780511927201
AV  - TP248.27.P55 G87 2010 
U1  - 662.88 
PY  - 2010///
CY  - New York
PB  - Cambridge University Press
KW  - Biomass energy
KW  - Forest biomass
KW  - Plant biomass
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Energy -- 1.2 Petroleum -- 1.2.1 History of Petroleum Exploration -- 1.2.2 Petroleum Refining and Shipping -- 1.2.3 Classification of Oils -- 1.2.4 Petroleum Reserves and Crude Oil Production -- 1.2.5 Crude Oil Pricing -- 1.3 Natural Gas -- 1.3.1 Methane from Gas Hydrates -- 1.4 Coal -- 1.5 Biofuels -- 1.5.1 Ethanol -- 1.5.2 Methanol -- 1.5.3 Butanol -- 1.5.4 Biogas -- 1.5.5 Hydrogen -- 1.5.6 Biodiesel -- 1.5.7 Bio-Oil -- 1.5.8 Diesel from Fisher-Tropsch Technology -- 1.5.9 Biocrude -- 1.5.10 Biochar -- 1.6 Summary -- 2 Air Pollution and Global Warming from the Use of Fossil Fuels -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Air Pollution -- 2.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides -- 2.2.2 Sulfur Dioxide -- 2.2.3 Fine Particles -- 2.2.4 Mercury -- 2.2.5 Lead -- 2.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- 2.4 Greenhouse Effect -- 2.5 Global Warming -- 2.5.1 Argument against Global Warming -- 2.6 Kyoto Protocol -- 2.7 Carbon Credits -- 2.8 Carbon Sequestration -- 2.9 Summary -- 3 Renewable Energy Sources -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biomass -- 3.3 Hydropower -- 3.4 Geothermal -- 3.5 Wind -- 3.6 Solar -- 3.7 Ocean Energy -- 3.8 Biogas -- 3.9 Summary -- 4 Biomass Availability in the World -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biomass Definition -- 4.3 Biomass Sources -- 4.3.1 Solid Wastes -- 4.3.2 Agriculture Residue -- 4.3.2.1 Cereal Straw -- 4.3.2.2 Corn Stover -- 4.3.2.3 Rice Husk -- 4.3.2.4 Bagasse -- 4.3.3 Energy Crops -- 4.3.4 Pulp and Paper Industry Waste -- 4.3.5 Wood and Forest Waste -- 4.3.6 Algae -- 4.4 World Potential to Product Biomass -- 4.5 Biomass Characterization -- 4.5.1 Moisture Content -- 4.5.2 Ash Content -- 4.5.3 Heating Value -- 4.5.4 Organic Chemical Composition -- 4.5.5 Density -- 4.6 Summary -- 5 Conventional Ethanol Production from Corn and Sugarcane -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Ethanol; 5.1.2 Ethanol Fuel -- 5.2 Ethanol in Ancient Times -- 5.3 Current Ethanol Production -- 5.4 Fermentation -- 5.5 Ethanol from Sugarcane -- 5.6 Ethanol from Corn -- 5.6.1 The Corn Wet-Milling Process -- 5.6.2 The Corn Dry-Milling Process -- 5.6.3 Byproducts -- 5.7 Separation and Purification -- 5.8 Summary -- 6 Ethanol from Biomass by Fermentation -- 6.1 Challenges with Corn-Based Ethanol -- 6.2 Cellulose in Biomass -- 6.3 Sugars from Cellulose -- 6.4 Factors Affecting Lignocellulose Digestibility -- 6.4.1 Lignin Content -- 6.4.2 Hemicelluloses Content -- 6.4.3 Acetyl and Other Inhibitor Content -- 6.4.4 Cellulose Crystallinity and Degree of Polymerization -- 6.4.5 Surface Area of Pore Volume -- 6.5 Biomass Pretreatment -- 6.5.1 Physical Pretreatments -- 6.5.2 Chemical Pretreatments -- 6.5.2.1 Dilute Acids -- 6.5.2.2 Peracetic Acid (C2H4O3) -- 6.5.2.3 Concentrated Sulfuric Acid -- 6.5.2.4 Concentrated Phosphoric Acid -- 6.5.2.5 Ionic Liquids -- 6.5.2.6 Alkali -- 6.5.2.7 Ammonia -- 6.5.2.8 Organic Solvents -- 6.5.3 Hydrothermal Pretreatment -- 6.5.4 Physicochemical Pretreatments -- 6.5.4.1 Steam Hydrolysis and Explosion -- 6.5.4.2 Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) -- 6.5.4.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 6.6 Cellulose Hydrolysis to Produce Sugars -- 6.7 Fermentation of Sugars to Ethanol -- 6.7.1 Xylose Fermentation -- 6.8 Ethanol Separation and Purification -- 6.9 Summary -- 7 Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils -- 7.1 What Is Biodiesel? -- 7.2 History -- 7.3 Vegetable Oil Resources -- 7.3.1 Nonedible Oil Resources -- 7.4 Transesterification -- 7.4.1 Catalytic Methods -- 7.4.2 Noncatalytic Supercritical Alcohol Method -- 7.4.3 Recovery of Glycerol -- 7.4.4 Reaction Mechanism -- 7.5 Current Technologies -- 7.5.1 Raw Materials and Feedstock Preparation -- 7.5.1.1 Choice of Alcohol -- 7.5.2 Batch Process -- 7.5.3 Continuous Process; 7.5.4 Single-Phase Cosolvent Process -- 7.5.5 Supercritical Methanol Process -- 7.6 Fuel Properties of Biodiesels -- 7.6.1 Viscosity, Density, and Flash Point -- 7.6.2 Cetane Number, Cloud, and Pour Point -- 7.6.3 Combustion Efficiency -- 7.6.4 Comparison of Methyl with Ethyl Esters -- 7.6.5 Emissions -- 7.6.6 Biodegradability -- 7.6.7 Engine Performance -- 7.7 Disadvantages of Biodiesel -- 7.8 Summary -- 8 Diesel from Biomass Gasification Followed by Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis -- 8.1 Diesel Fuel -- 8.1.1 Diesel from Petroleum -- 8.1.2 Diesel from Coal -- 8.1.3 Diesel from Biomass -- 8.2 Gasification of Biomass to Produce Syngas -- 8.2.1 Types of Gasifiers -- 8.2.2 Gasification Chemistry -- 8.3 Conditioning of Syngas -- 8.4 FT Synthesis to Produce Diesel -- 8.4.1 Reactor Configurations -- 8.4.2 Catalysts -- 8.4.2.1 Iron-Based Catalysts -- 8.4.2.2 Cobalt-Based Catalysts -- 8.4.2.3 Catalyst Supports -- 8.4.3 FT Synthesis in Supercritical Fluids -- 8.5 Fuel Properties of FT Diesel -- 8.6 Summary -- 9 Bio-Oil from Biomass Pyrolysis -- 9.1 What Is Bio-Oil? -- 9.2 Pyrolysis -- 9.2.1 Slow Pyrolysis -- 9.2.2 Fast Pyrolysis -- 9.3 Process Considerations -- 9.3.1 Feedstock Preparation -- 9.3.2 Heat Transfer Requirements -- 9.3.3 Effect of Metal Ions and Salts -- 9.3.4 Catalysis -- 9.3.5 Kinetics -- 9.3.6 Bio-Oil Yields -- 9.4 Pyrolysis Reactors -- 9.4.1 Bubbling Fluidized Bed -- 9.4.2 Circulating Fluidized Bed -- 9.4.3 Vacuum Pyrolysis -- 9.4.4 Ablative Fast Pyrolysis -- 9.4.5 Rotating Cone Pyrolyzer -- 9.4.6 Auger Reactor -- 9.4.7 Future Developments -- 9.5 Fuel Properties of Bio-Oil -- 9.5.1 Chemical Composition -- 9.5.2 Viscosity -- 9.5.3 Density -- 9.5.4 Acidity -- 9.5.5 Water Content -- 9.5.6 Oxygen -- 9.5.7 Char and Particle Content -- 9.5.8 Storage Stability -- 9.6 Upgrading of Bio-Oil -- 9.6.1 Solvent Fractionation -- 9.6.2 Deoxygenation -- 9.7 Summary; 10 Biocrude from Biomass Hydrothermal Liquefaction -- 10.1 What Is Biocrude? -- 10.2 Hydrothermal Medium -- 10.2.1 Dielectric Constant -- 10.2.2 Ion Product -- 10.2.3 Solubility of Organics -- 10.2.4 Diffusivity and Viscosity -- 10.3 Liquefaction Process -- 10.3.1 Batch Process -- 10.3.2 Continuous Process -- 10.3.3 Pumping Biomass with Biocrude -- 10.4 Liquefaction Mechanism -- 10.4.1 Hydrothermal Treatment with Catalysts -- 10.4.2 Hydrothermal Treatment with Reducing Gases -- 10.5 Properties of Biocrude -- 10.6 Refinement and Upgrading of Biocrude -- 10.6.1 Hydrodeoxygenation -- 10.7 Critical Issues -- 10.7.1 Heat Integration -- 10.7.2 Biomass Feeding and Solids Handling -- 10.7.3 Recovery of Inorganics and Catalysts -- 10.7.4 Reactor Wall Effects -- 10.8 Summary -- 11 Solar and Wind Energy for Biofuel Production -- 11.1 Process Energy Needs for Biofuel Production -- 11.2 Wind Energy -- 11.3 Solar Energy -- 11.3.1 Solar Collectors -- 11.4 Direct Use of Solar Radiation -- 11.4.1 Gasification -- 11.4.2 Pyrolysis -- 11.4.3 Challenges with Use of Direct Solar Radiation -- 11.5 Storage of Solar Thermal Energy -- 11.6 Summary -- 12 Environmental Impacts of Biofuels -- 12.1 Biomass and the Natural Carbon Cycle -- 12.2 Environmental Impacts of Biomass Production -- 12.2.1 Land Use -- 12.2.2 Irrigation Water Consumption -- 12.2.3 Fertilizer and Pesticide Use -- 12.2.4 Ecosystem Diversity -- 12.3 Environmental Impacts of Biomass-to-Biofuel Conversion -- 12.4 Environmental Impacts of Biofuel Use -- 12.5 Life-Cycle Impacts -- 12.6 Summary -- 13 Economic Impact of Biofuels -- 13.1 Biofuel Economy -- 13.2 Economic Impact of Corn Ethanol -- 13.3 Economic Impact of Sugarcane Ethanol -- 13.4 Economic Impact of Biodiesel -- 13.5 Future Economic Impact of Biomass-Based Biofuels -- 13.6 Economic Impact on Developing and Rural Economies -- 13.7 Summary; 14 Biofuel Policy -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Brazilian Biofuel Policy -- 14.3 European Biofuel Policy -- 14.4 Chinese Biofuel Policy -- 14.5 Indian Biofuel Policy -- 14.6 The United States Biofuel Policy -- 14.7 Global Biofuel Projections -- 14.8 Summary -- References -- Index
N2  - This book introduces readers to second-generation biofuels obtained from non-food biomass, such as forest residue, agricultural residue, and waste wood
UR  - https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/buse-ebooks/detail.action?docID=605012
ER  -