TY  - BOOK
AU  - Takeuchi,Akie
AU  - Bento,Antonio
AU  - Cropper,Maureen
AU  - Takeuchi,Akie
TI  - The Impact of Policies To Control Motor Vehicle Emissions In Mumbai, India
PY  - 2006///
CY  - Washington, D.C.
PB  - The World Bank
KW  - Air
KW  - Air Pollution
KW  - Bus
KW  - Bus Fares
KW  - Bus System
KW  - Buses
KW  - Cars
KW  - Diesel
KW  - Diesel Buses
KW  - Motor Vehicle
KW  - Motor Vehicle Emissions
KW  - Passenger Transport
KW  - Policies
KW  - Price of Gasoline
KW  - Private Vehicle
KW  - Rail
KW  - Taxis
KW  - Transport
KW  - Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
KW  - Trucks
KW  - Vehicle Fleet
N2  - This paper examines the impact of measures to reduce emissions from passenger transport, specifically buses, cars, and two-wheelers in Mumbai. These include converting diesel buses to compressed natural gas (CNG), as the Indian Supreme Court required in Delhi, which would necessitate an increase in bus fares to cover the cost of pollution controls. The authors model an increase in the price of gasoline, which should affect the ownership and use of cars and two-wheelers, as well as imposing a license fee on cars to retard growth in car ownership. The impact of each policy on emissions depends not only on how the policy affects the mode that is regulated, but on shifts to other modes. The results suggest that the most effective policy to reduce emissions from passenger vehicles-in terms of the total number of tons of PM10 (particulate matter that measure less than or equal to 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter) reduced-is to convert diesel buses to CNG. The conversion of 3,391 diesel buses to CNG would result in an emissions reduction of 663 tons of PM10 a year, 14 percent of total emissions from transport. The bus conversion program passes the cost-benefit test. In contrast, the results suggest the elasticities of emissions from transport with respect to a gasoline tax and a tax on vehicle ownership are -0.04 and -0.10 respectively. As a consequence, it would take substantial increases in the gasoline tax or vehicle ownership tax to produce reductions in emissions similar to the bus conversion program. These results, however, reflect the low shares of cars and two-wheelers in the Mumbai emissions inventory and need not apply to cities, such as Delhi, where these shares are higher
UR  - http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-4059
ER  -