TY  - BOOK
AU  - Anas,Alex
AU  - Anas,Alex
AU  - Timilsina,Govinda R.
TI  - Impacts of Policy Instruments To Reduce Congestion and Emissions From Urban Transportation: the Case of Sao Paulo, Brazil 
PY  - 2009///
CY  - Washington, D.C.
PB  - The World Bank
KW  - Atmospheric emissions
KW  - Automobile
KW  - Automobiles
KW  - Climate change
KW  - Congestion
KW  - Congestion tolls
KW  - Cost of travel
KW  - Emissions
KW  - Environment
KW  - Fuel
KW  - Fuel economy
KW  - Fuel taxes
KW  - Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
KW  - Public transit
KW  - Public transit systems
KW  - Road
KW  - Toll
KW  - Traffic
KW  - Traffic congestion
KW  - Transport
KW  - Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
KW  - Trip
KW  - Urban Transportation
N2  - This study examines impacts on net social benefits or economic welfare of alternative policy instruments for reducing traffic congestion and atmospheric emissions in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The study shows that expanding road networks, subsidizing public transit, and improving automobile fuel economy may not be as effective as suggested by economic theories because these policies could cause significant rebound effects. Although pricing instruments such as congestion tolls and fuel taxes would certainly reduce congestion and emissions, the optimal level of these instruments would steeply increase the monetary cost of travel per trip and are therefore politically difficult to implement. However, a noticeable finding is that even smaller tolls, which are more likely to be politically acceptable, have substantial benefits in terms of reducing congestion and emissions. Among the various policy instruments examined in the study, the most socially preferable policy option for Sao Paulo would be to introduce a mix of congestion toll and fuel taxes on automobiles and use the revenues to improve public transit systems
UR  - http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-5099
ER  -