TY  - BOOK
AU  - North,Douglass C.
AU  - North,Douglass C.
AU  - Wallis,John Joseph
AU  - Webb,Steven B.
AU  - Weingast,Barry R.
TI  - Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: A New Approach to the Problems of Development 
PY  - 2007///
CY  - Washington, D.C.
PB  - The World Bank
KW  - Collective
KW  - Corporate Law
KW  - Corporations
KW  - Disability
KW  - E-Business
KW  - Individuals
KW  - Institutional structures
KW  - Labor Policies
KW  - Law and Development
KW  - Limited
KW  - Monopoly
KW  - Political parties
KW  - Private Sector Development
KW  - Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures
KW  - Social Protections and Labor
KW  - Societies
KW  - Society
KW  - Union
N2  - The upper-income, advanced industrial countries of the world today all have market economies with open competition, competitive multi-party democratic political systems, and a secure government monopoly over violence. Such open access orders, however, are not the only norm and equilibrium type of society. The middle and low-income developing countries today, like all countries before about 1800, can be understood as limited access orders that maintain their equilibrium in a fundamentally different way. In limited access orders, the state does not have a secure monopoly on violence, and society organizes itself to control violence among the elite factions. A common feature of limited access orders is that political elites divide up control of the economy, each getting some share of the rents. Since outbreaks of violence reduce the rents, the elite factions have incentives to be peaceable most of the time. Adequate stability of the rents and thus of the social order requires limiting access and competition-hence a social order with a fundamentally different logic than the open access order. This paper lays out such a framework and explores some of its implications for the problems of development today
UR  - http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-4359
ER  -