TY  - BOOK
AU  - Koehler-Geib,Friederike
AU  - Sanchez,Susana M.
TI  - Costa Rica Five Years after CAFTA-DR: Assessing Early Results
T2  - Directions in Development - Trade
SN  - 9781464805691
AV  - HC143 
U1  - 330.97286 
PY  - 2015///
CY  - Washington
PB  - World Bank Publications
KW  - Costa Rica -- Commercial policy
KW  - Costa Rica -- Economic conditions -- 1948-
KW  - Costa Rica -- Economic policy
KW  - Free trade -- Costa Rica
KW  - Electronic books
N1  - Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Trade and FDI Patterns -- The High-Tech Sector: FDI and Export Performance -- Insurance: The End of a Monopoly and a New Beginning for a Market -- Telecommunications and the End of Another Monopoly -- Intellectual Property Rights in CAFTA-DR and the Link to Pharmaceuticals in Costa Rica -- Chapter 1 The Context of CAFTA-DR in Costa Rica -- Introduction -- CAFTA-DR in Historical Context -- Economic Arguments for and against CAFTA-DR at the Time of Ratification -- Legal and Regulatory Changes with CAFTA-DR -- Trade and FDI Patterns with CAFTA-DR -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 CAFTA-DR and the High-Tech Sector: FDI and Export Performance -- Introduction -- The Impacts of FTAs on FDI and Exports in Costa Rica's High-Tech Sector -- CAFTA-DR and FDI in the High-Tech Sector: Evidence from Secondary Data -- CAFTA-DR and Exports in the High-Tech Sector: Evidence from Secondary Data -- CAFTA-DR, FDI, and MNC Performance in the High-Tech Sector: Findings from Online Surveys -- CAFTA-DR, FDI, and Exports in the High-Tech Sector: Findings from Structured Interviews -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Insurance: The End of a Monopoly, and a New Beginning for a Market -- Introduction and Summary -- Legislative Change -- Market Dynamics -- Comparison with CAFTA-DR and Latin American Countries -- Interpreting Recent Developments -- Outlook -- Notes -- Chapter 4 Telecommunications and the End of Another Monopoly -- Introduction and Summary -- Legal and Regulatory Developments -- The Entry of Private Mobile Service Providers -- Liberalization Drives Improvements in Access to Telecommunications Services -- Fixed-Line Telephone Services -- Fixed Internet -- Mobile Broadband Services; Household Access to Telecommunications Services, Prices, and Quality of Services -- Fixed Internet Services -- Mobile Services -- Mobile Broadband -- Penetration in Rural Areas versus Urban Areas: FONATEL -- The Contribution of the Telecommunications Sector to the Costa Rican Economy -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 Intellectual Property Rights in CAFTA-DR and Pharmaceuticals in Costa Rica -- Introduction -- Intellectual Property Regulations for Pharmaceuticals in International Trade Treaties -- Data Protection, New Chemical Entities, and Patent Linkages after CAFTA-DR -- How Have CAFTA-DR's IP Rules Affected the CCSS? -- Notes -- References -- Appendix A Legal Changes under CAFTA-DR -- Note -- Appendix B Costa Rica's Trade Partners -- Appendix C Gravity Model -- Introduction and Literature -- Data -- Model -- Methodology and Results -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box 2.1 Survey of Multinational Companies in High-Tech Sectors -- Box 3.1 Comparing the Czech Republic, Poland, and Uruguay -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Costa Rican Exports (FOB) to the United States, 2002-12 -- Figure 1.2 U.S. Imports (CIF) from CAFTA-DR Countries, 1980-2012 -- Figure 1.3 Costa Rican Quarterly Exports to the United States, 1997-2012 -- Figure 1.4 Costa Rican Quarterly Imports from the United States, 1997-2012 -- Figure 1.5 Composition of Total Exports of Costa Rican Goods (FOB), 1997-2013 -- Figure 1.6 Costa Rican Export Concentration Index of Agricultural Goods Relative to World Average, 1994-2011 -- Figure 1.7 FDI Inflows to Costa Rica by Country of Origin, 1997-2012 -- Figure 1.8 FDI Inflows to Costa Rica by Sector, 2004 versus 2012 -- Figure 2.1 Net FDI Inflows, 2000-11 -- Figure 2.2 FDI Inflows by Country of Origin -- Figure 2.3 Number of MNCs in High-Tech Sectors -- Figure 2.4 Average FDI Inflows in High-Tech Sector; Figure 2.5 Costa Rica's Exports and Imports of Goods and Services, 1990-2011 -- Figure 2.6 Exports of Costa Rica's FTZs, 2002-12 -- Figure 2.7 Exports of High-Tech and Low-Tech Sectors of Costa Rica, 2004-12 -- Figure 2.8 Exports of Costa Rica to the United States by Sector, 2002-12 -- Figure 2.9 High-Tech Sector Exports in Costa Rica, 2000-11 -- Figure 2.10 Number of Surveyed Firms by Product Line of First Investment -- Figure 2.11 Top Three Reasons for Last Investment in Costa Rica by Product Line of Last Investment -- Figure 3.1 Explaining Non-Life Insurance Penetration Trends -- Figure 3.2 Insurance Penetration Following Liberalization -- Figure 3.3 Pace and Direction of Liberalization on Market Shares: Costa Rica Follows a Well-Worn Path -- Figure 4.1 Sector Structure before and after CAFTA-DR -- Figure 4.2 Mobile Cellular Lines in Costa Rica, 2003-12 -- Figure 4.3 Mobile Cellular Lines per 100 Inhabitants, Costa Rica and Selected Countries, 2003-12 -- Figure 4.4 Fixed Telephone Lines per 100 Inhabitants, Costa Rica and Selected Countries, 2003-12 -- Figure 4.5 Fixed Internet Connections in Costa Rica, 2006-12 -- Figure 4.6 Fixed Internet Connections per 100 Inhabitants, Costa Rica and Selected Countries, 2003-12 -- Figure 4.7 Mobile Broadband Connections in Costa Rica, 2009-12 -- Figure 4.8 Mobile Broadband Connections per 100 Inhabitants, Costa Rica and Selected Countries, 2005-12 -- Figure 4.9 Usage of Telecommunications Services in Costa Rica -- Figure 4.10 Fixed Internet Download Speeds in Costa Rica, 2007-12 -- Figure 4.11 Fixed Internet Prices of One Mbps, Selected Countries, 2012 -- Figure 4.12 Cellular Prepaid Prices in U.S. Cents per Minute, Peak for Latin American Countries, 2010 -- Figure 4.13 Mobile Broadband Rates for Selected Countries -- Figure 4.14 Telecommunications Sector, 2006-12; Figure 5.1 Registration of Active Ingredients with the Ministry of Health in Costa Rica, 2003-12 -- Figure 5.2 Costa Rica Patent Requests, 2000-12 -- Figure 5.3 Costa Rica Patent Issues, 2000-12 -- Figure 5.4 CCSS Expenditures for Health Care and Medicine -- Figure 5.5 Percentage Distribution of CCSS Medicine Expenditures by Therapeutic Group, 2007-12 -- Figure 5.6 CCSS Medicine Purchases by Type, 2003-12 -- Figure C.1 Costa Rican Quarterly Exports to the United States, 1997-2012 -- Figure C.2 Costa Rican Quarterly Imports from the United States, 1997-2012 -- Tables -- Table 1.1 Top Export Products, Percentage of Total Exports, 2003-12 -- Table 2.1 Responses: How CAFTA-DR Impacted Firm Performance, Percentage of Surveyed Firms -- Table 3.1 Trends in Market Size and Development -- Table 3.2 Insurers Operating in Costa Rica since Liberalization -- Table 3.3 Competition, Development, and Performance Indicators -- Table 3.4 Total Assets (CRC Millions) -- Table 3.5 Expense Ratios (Expenses as Percentage of Premiums) -- Table 3.6 Comparative Insurance Market Data in CAFTA-DR and Latin America -- Table B3.1.1 Comparative Statistics for Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Uruguay -- Table 4.1 Concessions for Mobile Telecommunications Service, US -- Table 4.2 Phases and Criteria for Cellular Concessions in Costa Rica -- Table 4.3 Fixed Internet Prices in Costa Rica, US per Month, August 2013 -- Table 4.4 Cellular Prepaid Rates, US, 2008 -- Table 4.5 Tariffs, Prices, and Equivalent Tariffs for Selected Services -- Table 4.6 Estimation of Consumer Surplus for Internet Access Services -- Table 5.1 Pharmaceutical Products with Patent Linkage Protection -- Table A.1 Legal Changes under CAFTA-DR -- Table B.1 Stylized Facts on Regional Trade Patterns -- Table C.1 OLS Estimation of Equation (1) Exports -- Table C.2 OLS Estimation of Equation (2) Imports
N2  - For Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic†"Central America free trade agreement (CAFTA-DR) has been more than a trade agreement. Costa Rica has used trade liberalization and promotion of international trade as a core development strategy for decades. CAFTA-DR consolidated benefits that had previously been unilaterally extended under the Caribbean Basin Initiative into a multilateral free trade agreement, providing a more stable environment for trade relationships. Beyond just being a trade agreement, CAFTA-DR opened up state monopolies in telecommunications and insurance, which polarized the country. No other trade agreement has generated as much controversy about the potential impacts on the economy. Following a referendum, with a small margin in favor of the agreement, Costa Rica was the last member country to ratify CAFTA-DR in 2009. Given the controversy at the time, Costa Rica Five Years after CAFTA-DR: Assessing Early Results takes stock of the early impacts of CAFTA-DR during the five years since its ratification, addressing the following questions:  What actual changes did the agreement bring about, and what was their context?  What was the impact of those changes on trade and foreign direct investment flows?  How have the high-tech, insurance, telecommunications, and pharmaceutical sectors been impacted?
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