LINGUISTICS AND FORMULAS IN HOMER -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.0 Aims of the investigation -- 1.1 Per in Homer and after -- 1.2 Facts from the data-base -- 1.3 Per in Greek linguistics -- 1.3.1 Emphasis -- 1.3.2 Concession and strengthening -- 133 Fraenkel: "per heisst 'auch"' -- 1.3.4 Etymology and diachrony -- 1.4 Categories and prototypes -- 1.5 Linguistics and formulas in Homer -- NOTESTO CHAPTER 1. -- 2. THE LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND: SCALARITY -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 Scales -- 2.1.1 Scalarity: introductory -- 2.1.2 Superlatives: scalar and attributive -- 2.1.3 The non-referentiality of scalar superlatives -- 2.1.4 Irrealis modality -- 2.2 Scalarity and referentiality -- 2.2.1 Attributive and referential superlatives -- 2.2.2 Intension and extension -- 2.2.3 Scalarity and extensional terms -- 2.3. Focus particles and focus contexts -- 2.3.1 Even as a focus particle -- 2.3.1.1 Conventional implicature and the meaning of even -- 2.3.1.2 Elocution and the use of even -- 2.3.1.3 Focus and scope -- 2.3.1.4 Scope dependence and scope independence -- 2.3.1.5 Scope ambiguity -- 2.3.1.6 Even if: concession and concessive conditionals -- 2.3.2 Types of focus context -- 2.4 Negative and positive polarity -- 2.4.1 Positive polarity items -- 2.4.2 Negative polarity items and scale reversal -- NOTESTO CHAPTER 2. -- 3. SCALARITY AND THE PARTICLE PER -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Intensional terms -- 3.1.1 Scalar superlatives -- 3.1.2 Scalar superlatives and the etymology of per -- 3.1.3 Epic te and generic modality -- 3.1.4 A remark on diachrony -- 3.2 Extensional terms -- 3.2.1 The intension of focus constituents -- 3.2.2 Superlativeness, comparativeness and the illocution of even -- 3.2.3 The concessive relative clause -- 3.2.4 Scalar expressions and the Homeric narrator.

3.3 Scalarity and comparatives -- 3.4 Negative polar scalarity -- 3.4.1 Declarative sentences -- 3.4.2 Non-assertive contexts and negative polarity -- 3.4.3 Scalar superlatives and negative polarity -- 3.4.4 The strengthening of negation -- 3.5 Scalarity in wishes and commands -- 3.5.1 Imperative and optative sentences -- 3.5.2 Inclusiveness and exclusiveness -- 3.5.3 Scales of desirability and acceptability -- 3.5.4 Per, ge and exclusion -- 3.5.5 The diachronic aspect of per in wishes -- 3.6 Some unclassifiable instances -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 3. -- 4. PARTICIPLES I: LINGUISTICS -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 On participles -- 4.1.1 Kinds of adverbial relation -- 4.1.2 Syntactic independence and modal autonomy -- 4.2 From scalarity to concession -- 4.2.1 The intension of circumstances -- 4.2.2 Diachronic aspects of kai hôs -- 4.2.3 Syntactic intermezzo: correlation and apposition -- 4.3 The concessive participial phrase -- 4.3.1 The prototypical properties of 'participle + per' -- 4.3.2 Loss of superlativeness -- 4.3.3 Dependent participles -- 4.3.4 Modally embedded participles -- 4.4 From linguistics to the formula -- 4.4.1 'Participle + per' and generic modality -- 4.4.2 Kai, mala and strengthening -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 4. -- 5. PARTICIPLES II: FORMULAS AND METRICS -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 On formulas -- 5.1.1 Formular language and ordinary language -- 5.1.2 Formula and metre -- 5.1.3 Types of recurrence -- 5.2 Formulas and form: the localization of formulas -- 5.2.1 The dactylic hexameter -- 5.2.2 The localization of 'participle + per' -- 5.3 Formulas and meaning: the integration of formulas -- 5.3.1 Levels of integration -- 5.3.2 Prototypicality and the semantic integration of formulas -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 5. -- 6. CONCESSIVE CONDITIONALS -- 6.0 Introduction -- 6.1 Concessives, conditionals and concessive conditionals.

6.2 Kinds of concessive conditional -- 6.3 Concessive conditionals in Homer -- 6.3.1 Per in concessive conditionals -- 6.3.1.1 The discourse function of ei per -- 6.3.1.2 Eiper and a fortioriargumentation -- 6.3.1.3 Eiper and factuality -- 6.3.1.4 Scalar terms in the conditional -- 6.3.1.5 Ei per and the semantic integration of formulas -- 6.3.2 Kai in concessive conditionals -- 6.3.2.1 Kai ei: 'even if' -- 6.3.2.2 Kai ei: 'however much' -- 6.3.2.3 Kai ei or ei kai? -- 6.3.3 Ei per and kai ei in a diachronic perspective -- 6.4 Concessive and non-concessive conditionals -- 6.4.1 Two kinds of neutralization -- 6.4.2 The two senses of ei per: 'even if and if really' -- 6.4.3 From concessive to non-concessive eiper -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 6. -- 7. PERIPHERAL INSTANCES -- 7.0 Introduction -- 7.1 Linguistic irregularity in Homer -- 7.1.1 Unclassifiable vs. divergent instances -- 7.1.2 The explanation of peripheral instances in Homer -- 7.2 Semantic integration of formulas again -- 7.2.1 Formular or linguistic irregularity -- 7.3 Divergence: changes in form and meaning -- 7.3.1 Changes in meaning -- 7.3.2 Changes inform -- 7.3.3 From prototype to periphery -- 7.4 Per and inclusive focus particles -- 7.5 At the outer periphery -- 7.6 From Homeric to Attic per -- NOTES TO CHAPTER 7. -- 8. OVERVIEW -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- INDEX OF SUBJECTS -- INDEX OF NAMES.

The purpose of this study is to provide a description of the Greek particle per as it occurs in the text of Homer. As such it is a contribution to the study of Ancient Greek in general and of the Greek' particles in particular. But the work transgresses the boundaries of Greek linguistics' proper.First, the discussion of per as a scalar article contributes to the discussion of scalar phenomena in general. Second, as a description of a linguistic feature in the Iliad and Odyssey, metrical texts of oral-formulaic origin, this study is also an essay in the relation between linguistics on the one hand and formulas and metre on the other.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.