Urban Ecology : Patterns, Processes, and Applications.

By: Niemelä, JariContributor(s): Breuste, Jürgen H | Guntenspergen, Glenn | McIntyre, Nancy E | Elmqvist, Thomas | James, PhilipMaterial type: TextTextPublisher: Oxford : Oxford University Press USA - OSO, 2011Copyright date: ©2011Description: 1 online resource (389 pages)Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9780191613227Subject(s): Biodiversity | Ecosystem services | Human ecology | Urban ecology (Biology) | Urban ecology (Sociology)Genre/Form: Electronic books.Additional physical formats: Print version:: Urban Ecology : Patterns, Processes, and ApplicationsDDC classification: 307.76 LOC classification: QH541.5.C6 -- U735 2011ebOnline resources: Click to View
Contents:
Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- The History of Urban Ecology-An Ecologist's Perspective -- Introduction -- Emergence of the discipline of urban ecology -- The science of urban ecology -- Summary -- Section 1-Ecology in Cities: Man-Made Physical Conditions -- Introduction -- 1.1 Land-Use and Surface-Cover as Urban Ecological Indicators -- 1.1.1 Introduction: urban form and ecosystem processes -- 1.1.2 Land-use and surface-cover patterns in urban area -- 1.1.3 Land-use and surface-cover dynamics in urban areas and their ecological implications -- 1.1.4 Conclusions -- 1.2 Urban Climate -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Physical aspects of urban climate -- 1.2.3 The urban heat island phenomenon -- 1.2.4 Biological aspects of urban climate -- 1.2.5 Chemical aspects of urban climate -- 1.2.6 Impacts of urban climate on human health -- 1.2.7 Conclusions -- 1.3 Urban Soils-Characterization, Pollution, and Relevance in Urban Ecosystems -- 1.3.1 Introduction-what are urban soils? -- 1.3.2 Pollution of urban soils -- 1.3.3 Properties of urban soils -- 1.3.4 Genesis of urban soils and soil functions in urban ecosystems -- 1.3.5 Urban soil landscapes -- 1.3.6 Balancing the soil substance budget in settlements -- 1.3.7 Classification of soils in settlements -- 1.3.8 Urban soil protection concepts -- 1.4 Hydrology of Urban Environments -- 1.4.1 Introduction -- 1.4.2 Urban water cycle -- 1.4.3 Hydrological processes in urban areas -- 1.4.4 Water balance characteristics of urban areas -- Summary -- Section 2-Ecology in Cities: Patterns of Urban Biodiversity -- Introduction -- 2.1 Plant Communities of Urban Wetlands: Patterns and Controlling Processes -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Wetland plant biodiversity in urban areas -- 2.1.3 Effects of urbanization on wetland vegetation -- 2.1.4 Synthesis and prospective view.
2.2 Potemkin Gardens: Biodiversity in Small Designed Landscapes -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Species diversity -- 2.2.3 Structural biodiversity -- 2.2.4 Design -- 2.2.5 Conclusion -- 2.3 Vegetation of Urban Hard Surfaces -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Hard surface types -- 2.3.3 Biota -- 2.3.4 Colonization and dynamics -- 2.3.5 Origin of hard surface floras -- 2.3.6 Theoretical frameworks -- 2.3.7 Problems caused by vegetation on hard surfaces -- 2.3.8 Benefits of hard surface vegetation -- 2.4 Composition and Diversity of Urban Vegetation -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Urban floristics -- 2.4.3 Does size matter? Cities and vegetation patches as habitat islands -- 2.4.4 The planted cityscape -- 2.4.5 Ecology of remnant vegetation in urban areas -- 2.4.6 Drivers of biodiversity and change in urban vegetation -- 2.4.7 Looking ahead -- 2.5 Anthropogenic Ecosystems: The Influence of People on Urban Wildlife Populations -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 Definitions of 'urban' on a global scale -- 2.5.3 Humans as a keystone species -- 2.5.4 Assemblages of urban vertebrates worldwide -- 2.5.5 Similarities and differences in urban vertebrate assemblages -- 2.5.6 Managing wildlife in anthropogenic ecosystems -- 2.5.7 Required adaptations to exist and thrive in urban ecosystems -- 2.5.8 The built environment as hazard and habitat -- 2.5.9 Wildlife assemblages in a city without people -- 2.5.10 Anthropogenic ecosystems: are humans key? -- Summary -- Section 3-Ecology in Cities: Processes Affecting Urban Biodiversity -- Introduction -- 3.1 Coupled Relationships between Humans and other Organisms in Urban Areas -- 3.1.1 Introduction -- 3.1.2 Humans and natural systems -- 3.1.3 Interactions between humans and other organisms -- 3.1.4 Coevolution of humans and animals -- 3.1.5 Humans and birds in urban areas -- 3.1.6 Conclusions.
3.2 Urban Flora and Vegetation: Patterns and Processes -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Urban vegetation: definitions and the current state of research -- 3.2.3 Processes affecting plant diversity patterns -- 3.2.4 Conclusions -- 3.3 Effects of Urbanization on the Ecology and Evolution of Arthropods -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Arthropods in the fragmented urban landscape -- 3.3.3 The urban-rural gradient -- 3.3.4 Unique urban habitats -- 3.3.5 Arthropod adaptation to urban environments -- 3.3.6 Arthropod conservation in urban environments -- 3.3.7 Future research -- 3.4 Ecology of Urban Amphibians and Reptiles: Urbanophiles, Urbanophobes, and the Urbanoblivious -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Herps in cities -- 3.4.3 Herps of cities -- 3.4.4 Urban herps as indicators -- 3.4.5 Urban herps as educators -- 3.4.6 Concluding comments -- 3.5 Biodiversity and Community Composition in Urban Ecosystems: Coupled Human, Spatial, and Metacommunity Processes -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Constraints on metacommunity properties in urban systems -- 3.5.3 Social dimensions of biodiversity in urban ecosystems -- 3.5.4 Urban metacommunity properties -- 3.5.5 A conceptual model of urban metacommunities -- 3.5.6 Conclusions -- Summary -- Section 4-Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, and Social Systems in Urban Landscapes -- Introduction -- 4.1 Global Effects of Urbanization on Ecosystem Services -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 What is the alternative to urbanization? -- 4.1.3 The urban-environmental transition -- 4.1.4 Ecosystem services -- 4.1.5 Conclusions -- 4.2 Social-Ecological Transformations in Urban Landscapes-A Historical Perspective -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Why look to the past? -- 4.2.3 Drivers and consequences of urbanization through history -- 4.2.4 Towards an understanding of urban resilience.
4.3 The Urban Landscape as a Social-Ecological System for Governance of Ecosystem Services -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Urban ecosystems and ecosystem services -- 4.3.3 Governance of urban ecosystems -- 4.4 Water Services in Urban Landscapes -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Wetlands and water in the urban environment -- 4.4.3 Ecohydrology -- 4.4.4 Healthy wetlands, healthy people -- 4.4.5 Future research directions -- 4.5 The Role of Ecosystem Services in Contemporary Urban Planning -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Urban sprawl and ecosystem services -- 4.5.3 Green infrastructure planning -- 4.5.4 Smart growth planning -- 4.5.5 Generation of urban ecosystem services -- 4.5.6 The simplification of the urban landscape -- 4.5.7 Implications of smart growth and green infrastructure planning -- 4.5.8 The pedagogic role of nature in cities -- 4.5.9 Concluding remarks -- Summary -- Section 5-Urban Design, Planning, and Management: Lessons from Ecology -- Introduction -- 5.1 Urban Ecology-The Bigger Picture -- 5.1.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 A wider framework -- 5.1.3 Social and cultural issues -- 5.1.4 Ecological planning and investment -- 5.1.5 Conclusions -- 5.2 Urban Ecology and Human Health -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Urban ecology and physical health -- 5.2.3 Urban ecology and psychological well-being -- 5.2.4 Urban ecology and social well-being -- 5.2.5 Summary and conclusions -- 5.3 Multifunctional Green Infrastructure Planning to Promote Ecological Services in the City -- 5.3.1 Introduction: green infrastructure -- 5.3.2 Concepts and principles of green infrastructure planning -- 5.3.3 Green infrastructure planning in practice -- 5.3.4 Conclusions -- 5.4 Building for Biodiversity: Accommodating People and Wildlife in Cities -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Managing urban systems -- 5.4.3 Planning tools and approaches to urban planning-a UK perspective.
5.4.4 Building and managing biodiversity: mitigation techniques and habitat enhancement -- 5.4.5 Building for biodiversity: constructing a more ecologically sustainable built form -- 5.4.6 Conclusions -- 5.5 Linking Social and Ecological Systems -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Socio-ecological integrators -- 5.5.3 Modelling social-ecological systems -- 5.5.4 Summary -- 5.6 Building Urban Biodiversity through Financial Incentives, Regulation, and Targets -- 5.6.1 Introduction -- 5.6.2 Economic drivers to increase urban biodiversity -- 5.6.3 Legislation, regulation, and targets to increase biodiversity -- 5.6.4 Conclusions -- Summary -- Concluding Remarks: The Way Forward for Urban Ecology -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X.
Summary: Brings together an international team of leading scientists to discuss our current understanding of all aspects of urban environments, from the biology of the organisms that inhabit them to the diversity of ecosystem services and human social issues encountered within urban landscapes.
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Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- The History of Urban Ecology-An Ecologist's Perspective -- Introduction -- Emergence of the discipline of urban ecology -- The science of urban ecology -- Summary -- Section 1-Ecology in Cities: Man-Made Physical Conditions -- Introduction -- 1.1 Land-Use and Surface-Cover as Urban Ecological Indicators -- 1.1.1 Introduction: urban form and ecosystem processes -- 1.1.2 Land-use and surface-cover patterns in urban area -- 1.1.3 Land-use and surface-cover dynamics in urban areas and their ecological implications -- 1.1.4 Conclusions -- 1.2 Urban Climate -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Physical aspects of urban climate -- 1.2.3 The urban heat island phenomenon -- 1.2.4 Biological aspects of urban climate -- 1.2.5 Chemical aspects of urban climate -- 1.2.6 Impacts of urban climate on human health -- 1.2.7 Conclusions -- 1.3 Urban Soils-Characterization, Pollution, and Relevance in Urban Ecosystems -- 1.3.1 Introduction-what are urban soils? -- 1.3.2 Pollution of urban soils -- 1.3.3 Properties of urban soils -- 1.3.4 Genesis of urban soils and soil functions in urban ecosystems -- 1.3.5 Urban soil landscapes -- 1.3.6 Balancing the soil substance budget in settlements -- 1.3.7 Classification of soils in settlements -- 1.3.8 Urban soil protection concepts -- 1.4 Hydrology of Urban Environments -- 1.4.1 Introduction -- 1.4.2 Urban water cycle -- 1.4.3 Hydrological processes in urban areas -- 1.4.4 Water balance characteristics of urban areas -- Summary -- Section 2-Ecology in Cities: Patterns of Urban Biodiversity -- Introduction -- 2.1 Plant Communities of Urban Wetlands: Patterns and Controlling Processes -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Wetland plant biodiversity in urban areas -- 2.1.3 Effects of urbanization on wetland vegetation -- 2.1.4 Synthesis and prospective view.

2.2 Potemkin Gardens: Biodiversity in Small Designed Landscapes -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Species diversity -- 2.2.3 Structural biodiversity -- 2.2.4 Design -- 2.2.5 Conclusion -- 2.3 Vegetation of Urban Hard Surfaces -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Hard surface types -- 2.3.3 Biota -- 2.3.4 Colonization and dynamics -- 2.3.5 Origin of hard surface floras -- 2.3.6 Theoretical frameworks -- 2.3.7 Problems caused by vegetation on hard surfaces -- 2.3.8 Benefits of hard surface vegetation -- 2.4 Composition and Diversity of Urban Vegetation -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Urban floristics -- 2.4.3 Does size matter? Cities and vegetation patches as habitat islands -- 2.4.4 The planted cityscape -- 2.4.5 Ecology of remnant vegetation in urban areas -- 2.4.6 Drivers of biodiversity and change in urban vegetation -- 2.4.7 Looking ahead -- 2.5 Anthropogenic Ecosystems: The Influence of People on Urban Wildlife Populations -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 Definitions of 'urban' on a global scale -- 2.5.3 Humans as a keystone species -- 2.5.4 Assemblages of urban vertebrates worldwide -- 2.5.5 Similarities and differences in urban vertebrate assemblages -- 2.5.6 Managing wildlife in anthropogenic ecosystems -- 2.5.7 Required adaptations to exist and thrive in urban ecosystems -- 2.5.8 The built environment as hazard and habitat -- 2.5.9 Wildlife assemblages in a city without people -- 2.5.10 Anthropogenic ecosystems: are humans key? -- Summary -- Section 3-Ecology in Cities: Processes Affecting Urban Biodiversity -- Introduction -- 3.1 Coupled Relationships between Humans and other Organisms in Urban Areas -- 3.1.1 Introduction -- 3.1.2 Humans and natural systems -- 3.1.3 Interactions between humans and other organisms -- 3.1.4 Coevolution of humans and animals -- 3.1.5 Humans and birds in urban areas -- 3.1.6 Conclusions.

3.2 Urban Flora and Vegetation: Patterns and Processes -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Urban vegetation: definitions and the current state of research -- 3.2.3 Processes affecting plant diversity patterns -- 3.2.4 Conclusions -- 3.3 Effects of Urbanization on the Ecology and Evolution of Arthropods -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Arthropods in the fragmented urban landscape -- 3.3.3 The urban-rural gradient -- 3.3.4 Unique urban habitats -- 3.3.5 Arthropod adaptation to urban environments -- 3.3.6 Arthropod conservation in urban environments -- 3.3.7 Future research -- 3.4 Ecology of Urban Amphibians and Reptiles: Urbanophiles, Urbanophobes, and the Urbanoblivious -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Herps in cities -- 3.4.3 Herps of cities -- 3.4.4 Urban herps as indicators -- 3.4.5 Urban herps as educators -- 3.4.6 Concluding comments -- 3.5 Biodiversity and Community Composition in Urban Ecosystems: Coupled Human, Spatial, and Metacommunity Processes -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Constraints on metacommunity properties in urban systems -- 3.5.3 Social dimensions of biodiversity in urban ecosystems -- 3.5.4 Urban metacommunity properties -- 3.5.5 A conceptual model of urban metacommunities -- 3.5.6 Conclusions -- Summary -- Section 4-Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, and Social Systems in Urban Landscapes -- Introduction -- 4.1 Global Effects of Urbanization on Ecosystem Services -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 What is the alternative to urbanization? -- 4.1.3 The urban-environmental transition -- 4.1.4 Ecosystem services -- 4.1.5 Conclusions -- 4.2 Social-Ecological Transformations in Urban Landscapes-A Historical Perspective -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Why look to the past? -- 4.2.3 Drivers and consequences of urbanization through history -- 4.2.4 Towards an understanding of urban resilience.

4.3 The Urban Landscape as a Social-Ecological System for Governance of Ecosystem Services -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Urban ecosystems and ecosystem services -- 4.3.3 Governance of urban ecosystems -- 4.4 Water Services in Urban Landscapes -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Wetlands and water in the urban environment -- 4.4.3 Ecohydrology -- 4.4.4 Healthy wetlands, healthy people -- 4.4.5 Future research directions -- 4.5 The Role of Ecosystem Services in Contemporary Urban Planning -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Urban sprawl and ecosystem services -- 4.5.3 Green infrastructure planning -- 4.5.4 Smart growth planning -- 4.5.5 Generation of urban ecosystem services -- 4.5.6 The simplification of the urban landscape -- 4.5.7 Implications of smart growth and green infrastructure planning -- 4.5.8 The pedagogic role of nature in cities -- 4.5.9 Concluding remarks -- Summary -- Section 5-Urban Design, Planning, and Management: Lessons from Ecology -- Introduction -- 5.1 Urban Ecology-The Bigger Picture -- 5.1.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 A wider framework -- 5.1.3 Social and cultural issues -- 5.1.4 Ecological planning and investment -- 5.1.5 Conclusions -- 5.2 Urban Ecology and Human Health -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Urban ecology and physical health -- 5.2.3 Urban ecology and psychological well-being -- 5.2.4 Urban ecology and social well-being -- 5.2.5 Summary and conclusions -- 5.3 Multifunctional Green Infrastructure Planning to Promote Ecological Services in the City -- 5.3.1 Introduction: green infrastructure -- 5.3.2 Concepts and principles of green infrastructure planning -- 5.3.3 Green infrastructure planning in practice -- 5.3.4 Conclusions -- 5.4 Building for Biodiversity: Accommodating People and Wildlife in Cities -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Managing urban systems -- 5.4.3 Planning tools and approaches to urban planning-a UK perspective.

5.4.4 Building and managing biodiversity: mitigation techniques and habitat enhancement -- 5.4.5 Building for biodiversity: constructing a more ecologically sustainable built form -- 5.4.6 Conclusions -- 5.5 Linking Social and Ecological Systems -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Socio-ecological integrators -- 5.5.3 Modelling social-ecological systems -- 5.5.4 Summary -- 5.6 Building Urban Biodiversity through Financial Incentives, Regulation, and Targets -- 5.6.1 Introduction -- 5.6.2 Economic drivers to increase urban biodiversity -- 5.6.3 Legislation, regulation, and targets to increase biodiversity -- 5.6.4 Conclusions -- Summary -- Concluding Remarks: The Way Forward for Urban Ecology -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X.

Brings together an international team of leading scientists to discuss our current understanding of all aspects of urban environments, from the biology of the organisms that inhabit them to the diversity of ecosystem services and human social issues encountered within urban landscapes.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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