Intro -- Sustainable Waste Trade under WTO Law -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Table of Multilateral Treaties and Major Legal Instruments -- Table of Cases -- List of Figures -- Introduction -- Setting Out the Subject Matter of the International Waste Trade -- Structure of this Study -- Chapter I: Conceptualising "Waste" -- 1 Perceptions of "Waste" in General Linguistic Usage -- A. Rubbish, Litter, Garbage - Objects and Substances with Negative Value -- B. Relativity of a Waste Concept -- C. Valorisation of Wastes -- 2 Legal Waste Conceptualisations -- A. Waste Definition of the Basel Convention -- I. Defining "Waste" by Reference to "Disposal" and "Recovery" -- II. "Hazardous" and "Other Wastes" -- B. Waste Definition of the OECD Council Decision C(2001)107/FINAL -- I. Defining "Waste" by Reference to "Disposal" and "Recovery" -- II. "Green Listed" and "Amber Listed Wastes" -- C. Waste Definition of the EU Legal Framework -- I. Overview -- II. The Notion of "Discarding" -- III. "Disposal" and "Recovery" -- IV. Hazardous Wastes -- D. Waste as a Valuable Resource -- I. Approach of the Basel Convention -- II. Approach of the OECD Council Decision -- III. Approach of EU Waste Law -- 1. Wastes Capable of Economic Re-Utilisation -- 2. By-Products and Residues -- 3. End of Product Criteria -- 4. End of Waste Criteria -- E. Critical Assessment of Existing Legal Waste Conceptualisations -- I. Substances or Objects -- II. Objective and Subjective Waste Definition -- III. Operational Approaches -- 1. Distinguishing between "Disposal", "Recovery", and "Discarding" -- 2. "Re-Use" -- 3. Concluding Remarks -- IV. Wastes as Risks -- 1. Perceptions of the Applicable Regulatory Frameworks -- 2. "Hazardous Waste" Categories -- 3. Towards a More Scientific Assessment of Wastes' Impacts? -- V. Waste as a Commodity.

VI. Conclusion -- Chapter II: Conceptualising the International Waste Trade -- 1 Rationale for Trading Wastes -- 2 Characteristics of the International Waste Trade -- 3 Legal Frameworks Addressing the International Waste Trade -- A. Waste Trade from an International Environmental Law Perspective -- I. International Environmental Law Principles Applicable to Waste Trade -- 1. Respect for Other States' Environments and Areas Beyond National Control -- 2. The Preventive Principle -- 3. The Precautionary Principle -- 4. The Polluter Pays Principle -- 5. Principles of Cooperation and Information -- II. Multilateral Regulatory Frameworks on Transboundary Movements of Wastes -- 1. Origins of the Regulatory Response -- 2. Basel Convention -- 3. OECD Council Decision C(2001)107/FINAL -- 4. Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste -- III. Concluding Remarks on the Waste Trade's Environmental Dimension -- B. Waste Trade from an International Human Rights Perspective -- I. Addressing the Linkages between the Waste Trade and Human Rights -- II. Possibly Affected Human Rights -- 1. The Right to Life -- 2. The Right to Health and Subsistence Rights -- 3. The Right to Private Life -- 4. The Right to Work and Decent Working Conditions -- 5. The Right to a Healthy Environment? -- III. Implementing Human Rights Affected by the Waste Trade -- 1. Human Rights Implementation Mechanisms -- 2. Distinguishing between Individuals' Freedoms and Substantive Rights -- 3. Special Rapporteur on the Adverse Effects of the Illicit Movement and Dumping of Toxic and Dangerous Products and Wastes on the Enjoyment of Human Rights -- 4. Human Rights Protection Beyond the National Territory -- IV. Concluding Remarks on the Waste Trade's Human Rights Dimension -- C. Waste Trade from an International Trade Law Perspective -- I. Waste Trade - Trade in Goods or Trade in Services?.

1. Applicability of the GATT -- 2. Applicability of other Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods -- 3. The Applicability of the GATS -- II. Concluding Remarks on the Waste Trade's Trade Law Dimension -- D. Conclusions -- Chapter III: Addressing the Waste Trade in the Context of Sustainability -- 1 Linking Sustainable Development Objectives with the International Waste Trade -- A. Emergence of Sustainable Development on the International Agenda -- B. Waste Minimisation as a General Objective -- I. Sustainable Production and Consumption -- 1. Sustainable Production and Consumption on the International Agenda -- 2. The Life Cycle Initiative in Particular -- 3. Sustainable Production and Consumption on Regional Agendas -- II. Re-Use and Recovery Operations -- C. Waste Trade's Potential for Promoting Sustainability -- D. Concluding Remarks -- 2 Towards a Normative Concept of Sustainable Development -- A. Preliminary Remarks -- B. Substantive Cornerstones of the Sustainable Development Concept -- I. Equity Considerations -- 1. Inter-generational Equity -- 2. Intra-generational Equity -- II. Sustainable Development's Integrative Function -- C. Sustainable Development as an Integrative Tool in the Context of the International Waste Trade -- I. Identifying Different Aspects of the Waste Trade -- 1. Waste Trade's Environmental, Social and Economic Facets -- 2. Tensions Between Trade, Environmental and Human Rights Policies -- II. Balancing the Different Interests at Stake -- 1. Balancing Equal Priorities -- 2. Adopting a Legal Approach -- Chapter IV: Chances and Limits for Enhancing Sustainable Waste Trade in WTO Law -- 1 Rationale for Addressing Sustainable Waste Trade under WTO Law -- A. Sustainable Development as an Objective of the WTO Regime -- I. Sustainable Development in the WTO Regulatory Framework.

II. Sustainable Development in WTO Institutions -- III. Sustainable Development in WTO Dispute Settlement -- IV. Steps Towards Sustainable Development's Recognition in WTO Law -- B. The Relationship between WTO Law and Non-Trade Law in WTO Dispute Settlement -- I. Jurisdiction of the WTO Adjudicating Bodies -- II. Applicability of Non-Trade Law in WTO Dispute Settlement -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Ways and Means for Public International Law to Enter the WTO System -- III. Addressing Conflicting Regimes in WTO Law -- 1. Conceptualising "Conflicts" -- 2. Handling Conflicts of Norms -- 3. Excursus: The Relationship between WTO Law and Multilateral Environmental Agreements in Particular -- C. Concluding Remarks -- 2 Compatibility of Waste Trade Restricting Measures with WTO Law -- A. Possibly Affected GATT Principles -- I. Prohibition on Quantitative Restrictions -- 1. Import Restrictions -- 2. Export Restrictions -- II. Most-Favoured-Nation and National Treatment Principles -- 1. Preliminary Remarks -- 2. Import Restrictions Depending on the Countries of Dispatch -- 3. Export Restrictions -- 4. Price-Based Measures Internalising Environmental Costs -- 5. Applying the Concept of "Likeness" to Waste Trade -- B. Technical Regulations and Standards under the TBT Agreement -- I. Preliminary Remarks -- II. Waste Characteristics -- III. End Of Life Labels -- IV. ESM-Related Technical Guidelines as Standards under the TBT Agreement -- V. Packaging and Recovery Requirements and the Green Dot Licence System as a Particular Example -- C. Possibly Affected GATS Principles -- I. Preliminary Remarks -- II. Restrictions of Transboundary Movements of Wasteunder the GATS -- III. Restrictions on Waste Management Services under the GATS -- D. Conflicts in the Applicable Law -- I. Modification of Multilateral Treaties Between Parties -- II. Lex Posterior.

III. Lex Specialis -- IV. Concluding Remarks -- 3 Protecting Non-Trade Policy Goals - Justifying Deviations from WTO Principles -- A. Preliminary Remarks -- B. Legitimate Policy Goals -- I. Article XX(b) GATT, Article XIV(b) GATS, and Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement -- II. Article XX(g) GATT -- III. Article XX(a) GATT and Article XIV(a) GATS -- IV. Assessing Risks for Legitimate Policy Goals -- 1. States' Determination of the Level of Protection -- 2. Scientific Evidence Requirements -- 3. Considering Life Cycle Analyses in Risk Assessments -- C. Balancing Legitimate Policy Goals under the Exception Provisions -- I. Preliminary Remarks under the GATT and the GATS -- II. Preliminary Remarks under the TBT Agreement -- III. Adopting the Three-Step Necessity Test -- 1. The Contribution of the Measures to the Realisation of the End Pursued -- 2. The Importance of the Interests Protected -- 3. The Trade Impact of the Measures -- D. Chapeau Test -- I. Preliminary Remarks -- II. "Arbitrary" or "Unjustifiable" Discrimination between Countries where the Same Conditions Prevail -- 1. Discriminatory Treatment -- 2. "Between Countries where the Same Conditions Prevail" -- 3. "Arbitrary" or "Unjustifiable" Discrimination -- III. "Disguised Restrictions on International Trade" -- E. Concluding Remarks -- I. Compatibility of Trade Measures with the WTO Regime in the Context of the International Waste Trade -- II. Towards More Sustainable Decisions in WTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings? -- III. Approaches to Enhancing the WTO's Capacities to Address Complex "Trade and…" Issues -- 1. Collaboration of the WTO with Non-Trade Entities -- 2. Impact Assessments -- 3. Precautionary Approaches Acknowledging States' Regulatory Autonomy -- 4. Sustainable Outcomes via the Standard of Review -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.

This book offers a thorough examination of the key regulatory frameworks governing international waste trade. It explores the potential of the concept of sustainable development to integrate divergent regulatory approaches under WTO law and identifies crucial elements of a more comprehensive solution for regulating international waste trade.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.