Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Introduction -- a. Responsibility and Guilt -- b. Collective Responsibility -- c. Collective Guilt -- d. Liability for the Acts of Others Under International Law -- i. Collective Responsibility Under International Humanitarian Law -- ii. Collective Responsibility Under International Criminal Law -- Part A: The Decline of the Concept of Collective Responsibility Under International Humanitarian Law -- Introduction: The Legal Regulation of Wartime Conduct -- Chapter I. Collective Punishment -- a. The Lieber Code of 1863 -- b. The Brussels Conference of 1874 -- c. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 -- d. The First World War and Its Aftermath -- e. The Geneva Prisoners of War Convention of 1929 -- f. The Second World War and Its Aftermath -- i. Judgments of National Courts -- ii. Trials Before Military Tribunals at Nuremberg -- g. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 -- i. Geneva Convention III Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War -- ii. Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons -- h. The Additional Protocols of 1977 -- i. Additional Protocol II-Noninternational Armed Conflicts -- ii. Additional Protocol I-International Armed Conflicts -- i. The War Crime of Collective Punishment -- j. Concluding Observations -- Chapter II. Hostage-Taking -- a. The Law on Hostage-Taking Prior to the Second World War -- b. Judicial Interpretation in the Aftermath of the Second World War -- i. The Nuremberg Judgment -- ii. The Hostages Case -- iii. Other Post-Second World War Decisions -- c. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 -- d. The Additional Protocols of 1977 -- e. Other Sources of the International Prohibition and Crime of Hostage-Taking -- f. Concluding Observations -- Chapter III. Belligerent Reprisals -- a. The Customary Law of Belligerent Reprisals.

b. The Treaty Law of Belligerent Reprisals Prior to the Second World War -- c. Judicial Interpretation in the Aftermath of the Second World War -- d. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 -- e. The Additional Protocols of 1977 -- f. Customary Status of Conventional Reprisal Prohibitions -- g. Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia -- h. Does the Doctrine of Belligerent Reprisals Apply in Noninternational Armed Conflicts? -- i. Non-State Actors and the Doctrine of Belligerent Reprisals -- j. Applying International Human Rights Law During Armed Conflict -- k. Concluding Observations -- Part B: Collective Responsibility From the Battlefield to the Courtroom: Liability for the Acts of Others Under International Criminal Law -- Introduction: The Birth of International Criminal Justice -- Chapter IV. Conspiracy, Common Plan, and Joint Criminal Enterprise Liability -- a. Accounting for the Crimes of the Second World War -- i. The Preparatory Work -- ii. The London Conference on Military Trials -- iii. Codification -- iv. Application of the Concept by War Crimes Tribunals -- b. Joint Criminal Enterprise at the International Criminal Tribunals -- i. Establishment of the Doctrine -- ii. Subsequent Reliance on Joint Criminal Enterprise -- 1. Individual Criminal Responsibility Under International Criminal Law -- 2. Collective Criminality and the Principle of Personal Culpability -- c. Concluding Observations -- Chapter V. Criminal Organizations -- a. Prelude to Nuremberg -- i. The Bernays Proposal -- ii. The U.N. War Crimes Commission -- iii. The London Conference on Military Trials -- b. Nuremberg and Subsequent Judgments -- c. Criminal Organizations Beyond Nuremberg -- d. Concluding Observations -- Chapter VI. Superior Responsibility -- a. Historical Development -- b. The Post-Second World War Cases -- i. The Yamashita Case.

ii. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East -- iii. Trials of German and Nazi War Criminals -- c. International Codification and Domestic Prosecution -- i. The Medina Court Martial -- ii. Additional Protocol I -- iii. The Kahan Commission -- d. Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals -- e. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court -- f. Concluding Observations -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Table of Cases -- Table of Treaties -- Index -- About the PAIL Institute.

Collective Responsibility and Accountability under International Law examines the extent to which the basic principle of individual responsibility accommodates liability for the acts of others. It examines the debates and legal developments surrounding collective responsibility under international law. The philosophical debates on collective responsibility provide an introduction to the examination of whether collective responsibility is ever appropriate or even lawful under international law. As the international criminal justice project begins to flourish, it is of paramount importance that the extent of the potential liability of individuals for the acts of others is clarified and held up to rigorous scrutiny. It is of equal importance that there is a clear understanding of whether the means of responding to ongoing violations of international humanitarian law can include measures based on collective responsibility. Global events have created an impetus for the parameters of responsibility to be clearly defined. The rise of non-State actors within the international legal regime raises complex questions surrounding their status, power and the means for holding them accountable.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.