Genetically Modified Food -- Abstract -- Table of contents -- Acronyms and abbreviations -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Introduction -- 1 Portrait: Genetically modified food -- 1.1 Definition and characteristics of GM food -- 1.2 Negative impacts of GM food -- 1.2.1 Risks for human health -- 1.2.2 Risks for the environment -- 1.3 Positive impacts of GM food -- 1.3.1 Benefits for farmers -- 1.3.2 Benefits for the environment -- 1.3.3 Benefits for consumers -- 1.3.4 Benefits for developing counties -- 2 Trade policy: Two approaches -- 2.1 US: The "principle of substantial equivalence" -- 2.2 EU: The "precautionary principle" -- 3 The legal framework for trade with GMOs -- 3.1 Legislation of the World Trade Organization -- 3.1.1 Article I and III GATT (WTO) -- 3.1.2 Article XI GATT (WTO) -- 3.1.3 Article XX GATT (WTO) -- 3.1.4 WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement -- 3.1.5 WTO Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement -- 3.2 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety -- 3.3 Implications for the EU-US trade dispute on GMOs -- 4 Tensions between GMO trade policy and environmental policy objectives -- 4.1 Scientific findings about risks of GM food -- 4.2 GMO policy against the background of limited scientific findings - qualitative approach -- 4.2.1 Utilitarian theory as a basis for policy formulation -- 4.2.2 Normative theory as a basis for policy formulation -- 4.2.3 Behavior of consumers as a basis of policy formulation -- 4.2.4 Behavior of biotech firms as a basis of policy formulation -- 4.3 GMO policy against the background of limited scientific findings - quantitative approach -- 4.4 Conclusions about the appropriate GMO policy -- 5 Consequences for international trade -- 5.1 Trade flows and global welfare effects -- 5.2 Potential protectionist behavior of the EU -- 5.3 Risk of an isolation of the EU from international trade.

5.4 Recovery of international trade -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- Bibliography -- Autorenprofil.

The controversial issue of genetically modified (GM) food is discussed in this book. While the United States (US) is a strong supporter of GM technology having adopted a rather lax regulation of trade with GM products, the European Union (EU) is representing a sceptical position towards this new technology and has even imposed a de facto moratorium on further approval of GM products from 1998 to 2004. The purpose of this book is an extensive analysis of the current status on risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and a suggestion on how an appropriate regulation of GM products could be derived. Potential guidelines are provided for policy formulation both in a qualitative and in a quantitative dimension. The US is applying the principle of substantial equivalence, which means that GM products are in their substance identical to products produced by conventional methods. Therefore, no new regulations are necessary for the trade with GM products. In contrast, the European Union (EU) disagrees that GM products are equivalent to their conventional counterparts due to the different production process. Instead, the EU refers to the precautionary principle in its GMO policy, meaning that trade with GM products should be restricted until it will be proven that no additional risks are implied by the use of these products. The divergence of opinions about the right policy to regulate GM products has significant impacts on trade flows and welfare effects. The US and the EU have already tried to resolve their dispute before the World Trade Organization (WTO). Relevant laws of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO are presented as well as indications for a potential consensus.   Biographische Informationen Marie Kreipe, Dipl.-Volkswirtin, wurde 1982 in Dresden geboren. Ihr Studium der Internationalen

Volkswirtschaftslehre an der Universität Tübingen mit den Schwerpunkten Finanzwissenschaft, Internationale Wirtschaftspolitik und Ökonometrie ergänzte die Autorin durch praktische Erfahrungen im Umweltbereich. Am Instituto Nacional de Ecología (Nationalen Institut für Ökologie), einem staatlichen Forschungsinstitut in Mexiko City (Mexiko), arbeitete sie an einer Studie zu Biokraftstoffen und entwickelte ein besonderes Interesse am Thema der genetischen Veränderung von Pflanzen. Mit den Möglichkeiten der Regulierung global relevanter Umweltfragen setzte sich die Autorin bei den United Nations (Vereinten Nationen) in New York (USA) auseinander. Das VWL-Studium schloss sie im Jahre 2008 erfolgreich ab und ist derzeit bei dem schwedischen Energiekonzern Vattenfall tätig.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.