'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the UN Charter : Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice.

By: Ruys, TomMaterial type: TextTextSeries: Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative LawPublisher: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010Copyright date: ©2010Description: 1 online resource (617 pages)Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9780511928185Subject(s): Aggression (International law) | Self-defense (International law)Genre/Form: Electronic books.Additional physical formats: Print version:: 'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the UN Charter : Evolutions in Customary Law and PracticeDDC classification: 341.62 LOC classification: KZ6374 .R89 2010Online resources: Click to View
Contents:
Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgment -- Table of abbreviations and abbreviated citations -- 1. Abbreviations -- 2. Journals and related materials -- Selected case law, legislation and related documents -- 1. International Case Law (ordered chronologically) -- ICJ -- Arbitration (ordered chronologically) -- Other (ordered chronologically) -- 2. Selected practice of the UN bodies -- Security Council (ordered chronologically) -- General Assembly (ordered chronologically) -- International Law Commission (ordered chronologically) -- 3. Treaties (ordered chronologically) -- 4. National case-law (ordered chronologically) -- Germany -- Israel -- United Kingdom -- United States -- 5. Selected regional and national materials (ordered chornologically) -- African Union -- Australia -- Canada -- European Union -- France -- Germany -- Italy -- Japan -- The Netherlands -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- Organization of American States -- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe -- Russia -- Turkey -- United Kingdom -- United States -- 6. Other materials (ordered chronologically) -- Introduction -- 1 The methodological debate and the quest for custom -- 1.1 Treaty vs. custom -- 1.1.1 The Charter and pre-existing custom -- 1.1.2 The role of custom in treaty interpretation and modification -- 1.1.2.a Interpretation -- 1.1.2.b Modification -- 1.2 State practice vs. opinio iuris -- 1.2.1 Introduction: the methodological debate -- 1.2.2 The evidentiary weight of words and deeds -- 1.2.3 Observations concerning the density of customary practice -- 1.2.4 Conclusion -- 2 'Armed attack' and other conditions of self-defence -- 2.1 The 'armed attack' requirement as an integral part of Article 51 UN Charter -- 2.1.1 Self-preservation and self-defence prior to 1945.
2.1.2 Article 51 UN Charter - primary means of interpretation -- 2.1.3 The preparatory works of the UN Charter -- 2.2 Other conditions of self-defence -- 2.2.1 'Procedural' obligations -- 2.2.1.a The reporting obligation -- 2.2.1.b The 'until clause' -- 2.2.1.c Collective self-defence -- 2.2.2 Necessity and proportionality -- 2.2.2.a General -- 2.2.2.b Necessity -- 2.2.2.c Proportionality -- 2.2.2.d Conclusion -- 3 The 'armed attack' requirement ratione materiae -- 3.1 Armed attack and aggression -- 3.1.1 Two sides of the same coin -- 3.1.2 The negotiations within the Fourth Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression (1968-74) -- 3.1.3. Value of the Definition of Aggression -- 3.2 General factors determining the existence of an 'armed attack' -- 3.2.1 The 'most grave' forms of the use of force and the de minimis controversy -- 3.2.1.a The approach of the International Court of Justice -- 3.2.1.b Criticism and alternate constructions in legal doctrine -- 3.2.1.c Customary practice -- 3.2.2 The 'animus aggressionis' and accumulation of events -- 3.2.2.a 'Animus aggressionis' -- 3.2.2.b 'Accumulation of events' -- 3.2.3 Connecting the dots: the panoply of scenarios and the role of context -- 3.3 Small-scale incursions by land, sea or air -- 3.4 Attacks against external manifestations of the State -- 3.4.1 Military units and military installations abroad -- 3.4.2 Embassies and diplomatic envoys -- 3.4.3 Civilian aircraft and merchant vessels -- 3.4.4 Protection of nationals -- 3.4.4.a The doctrinal debate -- 3.4.4.b Overview of concrete invocations of the doctrine after 1945 -- 3.4.4.c Customary evidence in abstracto -- 3.4.4.d Evaluation de lege lata: running around in circles? -- 3.4.4.e De lege ferenda: Time for a change of discourse? -- 4 The 'armed attack' requirement ratione temporis.
4.1 Anticipatory self-defence: the never-ending saga (1945-2001) -- 4.1.1 The doctrinal debate - a brief appraisal -- 4.1.1.a Arguments in favour of anticipatory self-defence -- 4.1.1.b Arguments against anticipatory self-defence -- 4.1.1.c The ICJ's non-position -- 4.1.1.d A doctrinal divide greatly exaggerated? -- 4.1.2 Customary precedents: evidence in concreto -- 4.1.2.a The Cuban missile crisis (1962) -- 4.1.2.b The Six Day War (1967) -- 4.1.2.c The Osiraq strike (1981) -- 4.1.2.d Other cases -- 4.1.3 Customary evidence in abstracto -- 4.1.3.a Early negotiations on a Definition of Aggression -- 4.1.3.b Final negotiations on the Definition of Aggression (1968-74) -- 4.1.3.c Other materials -- 4.2 The shockwaves of 9/11 -- 4.2.1 The 2002 US National Security Strategy and the intervention in Iraq in 2003 -- 4.2.1.a Back to the drawing board: the 2002 US National Security Strategy -- 4.2.1.b The intervention in Iraq -- 4.2.2 Shifting positions of States and scholars: a defeat of preventive self-defence at the expense of an embrace of premptive self-defence? -- 4.2.2.a Mapping the academic response -- 4.2.2.b The High-Level Panel Report (2004) and 'In Larger Freedom' (2005) -- 4.2.2.c State support for premptive and preventive selfefence after Iraq -- 4.3 Exceptions and borderline cases -- 4.3.1 The prospective dimension of the necessity standard -- 4.3.2. Possible exceptions? -- 4.3.3 Interceptive self-defence at the tactical level: on-the-spot reaction -- 4.3.3.a Territorial incursions by land, sea or air -- 4.3.3.b Hostile encounters between military units and 'unit self-defence' -- 4.3.3.c Interceptory and pre-emptive self-defence at the strategic level: the great unknown? -- 5 The 'armed attack' requirement ratione personae -- 5.1 Indirect military aggression in the decolonization era -- 5.1.1 Formulation of the problem.
5.1.1.a Indirect military aggression and intersecting norms -- 5.1.1.b Forcible responses and alternative legal bases -- 5.1.2 The debate on 'indirect aggression' within the Fourth Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression -- 5.1.2.a Article 3(g) -- 5.1.2.b Use of force and the right of self-determination -- 5.1.3 State practice -- 5.1.3.a Early cases -- 5.1.3.b Interventions in neighbouring countries by Israel, Portugal, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia -- 5.1.3.c Other cases -- 5.1.4 Indirect aggression in the wake of the ICJ's Nicaragua case -- 5.1.4.a The Nicaragua judgment (1986) -- 5.1.4.b Option 1: imputability or attributability of attacks by non-State actors -- 5.1.4.c Option 2: 'substantial involvement' -- 5.2 Self-defence against non-State actors in the age of international terrorism and State failure -- 5.2.1 Prelude to 9/11: shifting context, shifting practice? -- 5.2.1.a The end of the decolonization era -- 5.2.1.b A new focus on terrorism: the 'Shultz doctrine' and beyond -- 5.2.1.c Other manifestations of shifting custom -- 5.2.2 9/11: awakening to a new security environment -- 5.2.2.a Security Council resolutions 1368 and 1373 (2001) and the US intervention in Afghanistan -- 5.2.2.b Security doctrines post 9/11 -- 5.2.3 Customary practice after 9/11 -- 5.2.3.a Israel-Syria 2003 -- 5.2.3.b Israel-Lebanon 2006 -- 5.2.3.c Turkey-Iraq 2007-8 -- 5.2.3.d Colombia-Ecuador 2008 -- 5.2.3.e Other examples -- 5.2.4 The response of the International Court of Justice -- 5.2.4.a The Palestinian Wall advisory opinion (2004) -- 5.2.4.b The 'Tangled Web': DRC v. Uganda (2005) -- 5.2.5 Conclusion: can non-State actors commit 'armed attacks'? -- 5.2.5.a De lege lata: legal uncertainty -- 5.2.5.b The quest for a new threshold - some tentative criteria -- 6 What future for the 'armed attack' criterion?.
6.1 The customary boundaries of self-defence -- 6.1.1 A word of caution -- 6.1.2 The correlation between Article 51 UN Charter and other primary or secondary rules, and the 'pre-existing custom' paradigm -- 6.1.3 Preconditions of individual self-defence other than the 'armed attack' requirement -- 6.1.4 Ratione materiae: the basic ingredients of an 'armed attack' -- 6.1.5 The 'armed attack' ratione temporis -- 6.1.6 Ratione personae: attacks by non-State actors and the right of self-defence -- 6.1.7 The slippery slope of self-defence -- 6.2 Towards a UNGA 'Definition of Armed Attack'? -- 6.2.1 Resuming an ancient project -- 6.2.2 A blueprint -- 6.2.3 Post-scriptum: strengthening the compliance pull of the Ius ad Bellum -- Index.
Summary: An examination of the scope of States' right of self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter in the post-9/11 security environment.
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Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgment -- Table of abbreviations and abbreviated citations -- 1. Abbreviations -- 2. Journals and related materials -- Selected case law, legislation and related documents -- 1. International Case Law (ordered chronologically) -- ICJ -- Arbitration (ordered chronologically) -- Other (ordered chronologically) -- 2. Selected practice of the UN bodies -- Security Council (ordered chronologically) -- General Assembly (ordered chronologically) -- International Law Commission (ordered chronologically) -- 3. Treaties (ordered chronologically) -- 4. National case-law (ordered chronologically) -- Germany -- Israel -- United Kingdom -- United States -- 5. Selected regional and national materials (ordered chornologically) -- African Union -- Australia -- Canada -- European Union -- France -- Germany -- Italy -- Japan -- The Netherlands -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- Organization of American States -- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe -- Russia -- Turkey -- United Kingdom -- United States -- 6. Other materials (ordered chronologically) -- Introduction -- 1 The methodological debate and the quest for custom -- 1.1 Treaty vs. custom -- 1.1.1 The Charter and pre-existing custom -- 1.1.2 The role of custom in treaty interpretation and modification -- 1.1.2.a Interpretation -- 1.1.2.b Modification -- 1.2 State practice vs. opinio iuris -- 1.2.1 Introduction: the methodological debate -- 1.2.2 The evidentiary weight of words and deeds -- 1.2.3 Observations concerning the density of customary practice -- 1.2.4 Conclusion -- 2 'Armed attack' and other conditions of self-defence -- 2.1 The 'armed attack' requirement as an integral part of Article 51 UN Charter -- 2.1.1 Self-preservation and self-defence prior to 1945.

2.1.2 Article 51 UN Charter - primary means of interpretation -- 2.1.3 The preparatory works of the UN Charter -- 2.2 Other conditions of self-defence -- 2.2.1 'Procedural' obligations -- 2.2.1.a The reporting obligation -- 2.2.1.b The 'until clause' -- 2.2.1.c Collective self-defence -- 2.2.2 Necessity and proportionality -- 2.2.2.a General -- 2.2.2.b Necessity -- 2.2.2.c Proportionality -- 2.2.2.d Conclusion -- 3 The 'armed attack' requirement ratione materiae -- 3.1 Armed attack and aggression -- 3.1.1 Two sides of the same coin -- 3.1.2 The negotiations within the Fourth Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression (1968-74) -- 3.1.3. Value of the Definition of Aggression -- 3.2 General factors determining the existence of an 'armed attack' -- 3.2.1 The 'most grave' forms of the use of force and the de minimis controversy -- 3.2.1.a The approach of the International Court of Justice -- 3.2.1.b Criticism and alternate constructions in legal doctrine -- 3.2.1.c Customary practice -- 3.2.2 The 'animus aggressionis' and accumulation of events -- 3.2.2.a 'Animus aggressionis' -- 3.2.2.b 'Accumulation of events' -- 3.2.3 Connecting the dots: the panoply of scenarios and the role of context -- 3.3 Small-scale incursions by land, sea or air -- 3.4 Attacks against external manifestations of the State -- 3.4.1 Military units and military installations abroad -- 3.4.2 Embassies and diplomatic envoys -- 3.4.3 Civilian aircraft and merchant vessels -- 3.4.4 Protection of nationals -- 3.4.4.a The doctrinal debate -- 3.4.4.b Overview of concrete invocations of the doctrine after 1945 -- 3.4.4.c Customary evidence in abstracto -- 3.4.4.d Evaluation de lege lata: running around in circles? -- 3.4.4.e De lege ferenda: Time for a change of discourse? -- 4 The 'armed attack' requirement ratione temporis.

4.1 Anticipatory self-defence: the never-ending saga (1945-2001) -- 4.1.1 The doctrinal debate - a brief appraisal -- 4.1.1.a Arguments in favour of anticipatory self-defence -- 4.1.1.b Arguments against anticipatory self-defence -- 4.1.1.c The ICJ's non-position -- 4.1.1.d A doctrinal divide greatly exaggerated? -- 4.1.2 Customary precedents: evidence in concreto -- 4.1.2.a The Cuban missile crisis (1962) -- 4.1.2.b The Six Day War (1967) -- 4.1.2.c The Osiraq strike (1981) -- 4.1.2.d Other cases -- 4.1.3 Customary evidence in abstracto -- 4.1.3.a Early negotiations on a Definition of Aggression -- 4.1.3.b Final negotiations on the Definition of Aggression (1968-74) -- 4.1.3.c Other materials -- 4.2 The shockwaves of 9/11 -- 4.2.1 The 2002 US National Security Strategy and the intervention in Iraq in 2003 -- 4.2.1.a Back to the drawing board: the 2002 US National Security Strategy -- 4.2.1.b The intervention in Iraq -- 4.2.2 Shifting positions of States and scholars: a defeat of preventive self-defence at the expense of an embrace of premptive self-defence? -- 4.2.2.a Mapping the academic response -- 4.2.2.b The High-Level Panel Report (2004) and 'In Larger Freedom' (2005) -- 4.2.2.c State support for premptive and preventive selfefence after Iraq -- 4.3 Exceptions and borderline cases -- 4.3.1 The prospective dimension of the necessity standard -- 4.3.2. Possible exceptions? -- 4.3.3 Interceptive self-defence at the tactical level: on-the-spot reaction -- 4.3.3.a Territorial incursions by land, sea or air -- 4.3.3.b Hostile encounters between military units and 'unit self-defence' -- 4.3.3.c Interceptory and pre-emptive self-defence at the strategic level: the great unknown? -- 5 The 'armed attack' requirement ratione personae -- 5.1 Indirect military aggression in the decolonization era -- 5.1.1 Formulation of the problem.

5.1.1.a Indirect military aggression and intersecting norms -- 5.1.1.b Forcible responses and alternative legal bases -- 5.1.2 The debate on 'indirect aggression' within the Fourth Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression -- 5.1.2.a Article 3(g) -- 5.1.2.b Use of force and the right of self-determination -- 5.1.3 State practice -- 5.1.3.a Early cases -- 5.1.3.b Interventions in neighbouring countries by Israel, Portugal, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia -- 5.1.3.c Other cases -- 5.1.4 Indirect aggression in the wake of the ICJ's Nicaragua case -- 5.1.4.a The Nicaragua judgment (1986) -- 5.1.4.b Option 1: imputability or attributability of attacks by non-State actors -- 5.1.4.c Option 2: 'substantial involvement' -- 5.2 Self-defence against non-State actors in the age of international terrorism and State failure -- 5.2.1 Prelude to 9/11: shifting context, shifting practice? -- 5.2.1.a The end of the decolonization era -- 5.2.1.b A new focus on terrorism: the 'Shultz doctrine' and beyond -- 5.2.1.c Other manifestations of shifting custom -- 5.2.2 9/11: awakening to a new security environment -- 5.2.2.a Security Council resolutions 1368 and 1373 (2001) and the US intervention in Afghanistan -- 5.2.2.b Security doctrines post 9/11 -- 5.2.3 Customary practice after 9/11 -- 5.2.3.a Israel-Syria 2003 -- 5.2.3.b Israel-Lebanon 2006 -- 5.2.3.c Turkey-Iraq 2007-8 -- 5.2.3.d Colombia-Ecuador 2008 -- 5.2.3.e Other examples -- 5.2.4 The response of the International Court of Justice -- 5.2.4.a The Palestinian Wall advisory opinion (2004) -- 5.2.4.b The 'Tangled Web': DRC v. Uganda (2005) -- 5.2.5 Conclusion: can non-State actors commit 'armed attacks'? -- 5.2.5.a De lege lata: legal uncertainty -- 5.2.5.b The quest for a new threshold - some tentative criteria -- 6 What future for the 'armed attack' criterion?.

6.1 The customary boundaries of self-defence -- 6.1.1 A word of caution -- 6.1.2 The correlation between Article 51 UN Charter and other primary or secondary rules, and the 'pre-existing custom' paradigm -- 6.1.3 Preconditions of individual self-defence other than the 'armed attack' requirement -- 6.1.4 Ratione materiae: the basic ingredients of an 'armed attack' -- 6.1.5 The 'armed attack' ratione temporis -- 6.1.6 Ratione personae: attacks by non-State actors and the right of self-defence -- 6.1.7 The slippery slope of self-defence -- 6.2 Towards a UNGA 'Definition of Armed Attack'? -- 6.2.1 Resuming an ancient project -- 6.2.2 A blueprint -- 6.2.3 Post-scriptum: strengthening the compliance pull of the Ius ad Bellum -- Index.

An examination of the scope of States' right of self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter in the post-9/11 security environment.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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