Front Cover -- Stable Isotopes as Indicators of Ecological Change -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Section 1: Ecological Isotope Archives -- Chapter 1: Using Stable Isotopes as Indicators, Tracers, and Recorders of Ecological Change: Some Context and Background -- I. Context for Book -- II. Isotopes as Tracers, Records, and Integrators of Change -- III. Stable Isotope Notation -- IV. The Stable Isotope Composition of Materials in Biogeochemical Cycles -- A. Variation in the delta13C in Carbon Cycle Processes -- B. Variation in the delta18O, Delta17O, and delta2H in Hydrologic Processes -- C. Variation in the delta15N in the Nitrogen Cycle Processes -- D. Variation in the delta34S and 87Sr/86Sr in Mineral Cycle Processes -- V. Summary -- VI. Acknowledgments -- VII. References -- Chapter 2: Stable Isotopes Record Ecological Change, but a Sampling Network Will be Critical -- References -- Section 2: Plant-based Isotope Data as Indicators of Ecological Change -- Chapter 3: Extracting Climatic Information from Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings -- I. Introduction -- A. Fundamentals of the Tree Ring Proxies -- B. Scope -- II. Signal Preservation -- A. Carbon Isotopes -- B. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes -- III. Sample Preparation and Analysis -- A. Site Selection and Sampling -- B. Sample Preparation -- C. Isotopic Analysis -- IV. Replication and Quantification of Signal Strength -- A. Replication -- B. Signal Strength -- V. Nonclimatic Trends -- A. Age-Related Trends -- B. Correction for Atmospheric delta13C and CO2 -- VI. Calibration and Mechanistic Modeling -- A. Laanila, Northern Finland: A Carbon Isotope Case Study -- B. Climate Reconstruction from Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes -- C. Multiparameter Dendroclimatology -- VII. Conclusions -- VIII. Acknowledgments -- IX. References.

Chapter 4: Human Impacts on Tree-Ring Growth Reconstructed from Stable Isotopes -- I. Introduction -- II. Sites and Sample Preparation -- III. Isotope Theory -- IV. Results and Discussion -- A. delta13C and Water-Use Efficiency -- B. Combining delta13C and delta18O -- C. Case Study in Air Pollution Research -- V. Conclusions and Outlook -- VI. Acknowledgments -- VII. References -- Chapter 5: Oxygen Isotope Proxies in Tree-Ring Cellulose: Tropical Cyclones, Drought, and Climate Oscillations -- I. Introduction -- II. A Tree-Ring Isotope Record of Tropical Cyclones and Climate -- A. Climate Modes Influencing Tropical Cyclone Occurrence -- B. Isotopic Compositions of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation -- C. Oxygen Isotope Compositions of Tree-Ring Cellulose -- III. Materials and Methods -- IV. Results and Discussion -- A. Testing the Tree-Ring Isotope Proxy Record of Tropical Cyclone Activity -- B. A Proxy for Seasonal Drought -- C. Decadal to Multidecadal Scale Variations in Tree-Ring Oxygen Isotopes -- V. Conclusions -- VI. References -- Chapter 6: The Stable Isotopes delta13C and delta18O of Lichens Can Be Used as Tracers of Microenvironmental Carbon and Water Sources -- I. Introduction -- II. Lichen delta13C as Tracer for Carbon Acquisition, Carbon Source, and Global Change -- A. Physiological Uptake Processes of Carbon -- B. Morphology and Resistance to CO2 Diffusion -- C. Carbon Source Influences delta13C in Microhabitats -- D. Atmospheric Carbon Source Influences Lichen delta13C over Decades -- III. Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Thallus Water and Respired CO2: A Tracer for Varying Water Sources? -- A. delta18O Enrichment of Thallus Water and CO2 During Desiccation -- B. Lichens as Tracers for Water Sources and Their Effect on Soil: Atmosphere Water Exchange -- IV. Outlook and Conclusions -- V. Acknowledgment -- VI. Appendix.

A. Dehydration Experiment -- B. Isotopic Analysis of Respired CO2 -- C. Thallus Water Extractions -- D. Isotopic Analysis of Extracted Thallus Water -- VII. References -- Chapter 7: Foliar delta15N Values as Indicators of Foliar Uptake of Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollution -- I. Introduction -- II. Nitrogen Sources to Terrestrial Vascular Plants -- A. Soil Nitrogen Sources -- B. Atmospheric Nitrogen Sources -- III. Foliar Assimilation of Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollutants -- A. Contribution of Foliar Uptake to Total Plant Nitrogen Assimilation -- B. Variation in Foliar Nitrogen Assimilation Via the Foliar Uptake Pathway -- IV. Foliar delta15N as a Tool to Determine the Magnitude of Foliar Nitrogen Incorporation -- V. Current Challenges for using Foliar delta15N as a Tool to Determine the Magnitude of Foliar Nitrogen Incorporation -- VI. Promising Methods using Foliar delta15N as an Indicator of Direct Leaf Nitrogen Assimilation -- A. Hydroponics -- B. Field Studies -- VII. Future Research -- VIII. Conclusions -- IX. References -- Chapter 8: The Triple Isotopic Composition of Oxygen in Leaf Water and Its Implications for Quantifying Biosphere Productivity -- I. Introduction -- II. Mass-Dependent and Mass-Independent Fractionations in the Oxygen Cycle -- III. Definitions -- IV. Budget of Triple Isotopes of Oxygen in the Atmosphere and Paleoproductivity -- V. Experimental -- VI. Results -- A. Internal Leaf Variations -- B. Variations During the Diurnal Cycle -- C. Variations Among Different Species in the Same Site -- D. Different Geographic Locations -- E. The Dependency of lambdatransp on Relative Humidity -- VII. Discussion -- A. Implications for the Budget of Triple Isotopes of Oxygen in the Atmosphere -- B. Quantification of LGM Productivity -- VIII. Conclusions -- IX. References -- Section 3: Animal-Based Isotope Data as Indicators of Ecological Change.

Chapter 9: An Isotopic Exploration of the Potential of Avian Tissues to Track Changes in Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- II. The Tissue Issue -- III. Birds as Indicators -- IV. Terrestrial Isoscapes -- A. Deuterium Patterns in Precipitation -- B. Eggs -- V. Marine Isoscapes -- A. Tracing Past Changes in Marine Productivity and Trophic Position -- VI. Environmental Contaminants -- VII. Future Prospects -- VIII. References -- Chapter 10: Use of the Stable Isotope Composition of Fish Scales for Monitoring Aquatic Ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- A. Ocean Climate and Ecosystems -- II. Archived Scales as Records of Isotopic Change -- A. Composition and Isotope Chemistry of Scales -- B. Growth of Scales and Sampling -- C. Isotope Chemistry of Scales -- III. Potential Causes of Variation in delta13C and delta15N Values in Scale Collagen -- A. Controls on delta13C Values in Marine Ecosystems -- B. Controls on delta15N Values Within Marine Ecosystems -- IV. Application of Stable Isotope Records of Archived Fish Scales to Study Environmental Change -- A. Eutrophication in Lakes -- B. Changes in Terrestrial Versus Marine Carbon Sources in Estuaries -- C. Long-Term Changes in Marine Fisheries -- V. Conclusions and Future Directions -- VI. References -- Chapter 11: The Reaction Progress Variable and Isotope Turnover in Biological Systems -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods -- III. Results -- IV. Discussion -- V. Conclusions -- VI. References -- Chapter 12: Insight into the Trophic Ecology of Yellowfin Tuna, Thunnus albacares, from Compound-Specific Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Proteinaceous Amino Acids -- I. Introduction -- II. Oceanographic Setting -- III. Sample Collection and Analytical Methods -- A. Samples -- B. Bulk Isotope Analyses -- C. Acid Hydrolysis -- D. Derivatization -- E. Compound-Specific Isotopic Analyses.

F. Tuna-Mesozooplankon Comparisons -- IV. Results and Discussion -- A. Variation in delta15N Values of WMT -- B. Variation in the delta15N Values of Amino Acids -- C. Trophic Level of ETP Yellowfin Tuna -- V. Implications -- VI. Summary and Future Research -- VII. Acknowledments -- VIII. References -- Section 4: Isotope Composition of Trace Gasses, Sediments and Biomarkers as Indicators of Change -- Chapter 13: Temporal Dynamics in delta13C of Ecosystem Respiration in Response to Environmental Changes -- I. Introduction -- II. The Dynamics of Mediterranean Ecosystem Productivity and Respiration -- III. Variations in Ecosystem Respiration (delta13CR) at Different Temporal Scales -- A. Analysis of delta13C of Ecosystem Respired CO2 Through Keeling Plot Approach -- B. Annual and Seasonal Variation in delta13CR -- C. Short-Term Dynamics in delta13CR During Diurnal Cycles -- D. Responsiveness of delta13CR to Environmental Changes -- IV. Carbon Isotope Fractionation During Dark Respiration of Plants -- A. Mechanisms of Carbon Isotope Fractionation During Dark Respiration -- B. Contribution of Multiple Pools to Nighttime Respiration -- V. Implications at Larger Temporal and Spatial Scales -- VI. Acknowledments -- VII. References -- Chapter 14: To What Extent Can Ice Core Data Contribute to the Understanding of Plant Ecological Developments of the Past? -- I. Introduction -- II. Concentration Records -- A. The Last 650,000 Years -- B. The Last Transition and the Holocene -- C. The Last Millennium -- D. The Industrial Period -- E. Direct Atmospheric Measurements -- III. Relations of CO2 and CH4 Concentration Records to Temperature or Temperature Proxies -- IV. Carbon Isotope Records -- A. The Industrial Period -- V. Correction for the Last 1000 Years -- VI. Change in Hemispheric Gradient During Industrialization.

VII. Potential Implications from Growing Season Lengthening.

The 20th century has experienced environmental changes that appear to be unprecedented in their rate and magnitude during the Earth's history. For the first time, this special volume brings together a wide range of perspectives and data that speak directly to the issues of ecological change using stable isotope tracers. The information presented originates from a range of biological and geochemical sources and from research fields within biological, climatological and physical disciplines covering time-scales from days to centuries. Unlike any other reference, editors discuss where isotope data can detect, record, trace and help to interpret environmental change. * Provides researchers with groundbreaking data on how to predict the terrestrial ecosystems response to the ongoing rapid alterations * Reveals how ecosystems have responded to environmental and biotic fluctuations in the past * Includes examples from research by a wide range of biological and physical scientists who are using isotopic records to both detect and interpret environmental change.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.