In Synchrony with the Heavens, Volume 2 : Instruments of Mass Calculation:(Studies X-XVIII).

By: King, David AMaterial type: TextTextPublisher: Leiden : BRILL, 2005Copyright date: ©2005Description: 1 online resource (1142 pages)Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781433703812Subject(s): Astronomy -- Islamic countries -- History | Astronomy, Medieval | Islam and science | Time (Islamic law)Genre/Form: Electronic books.Additional physical formats: Print version:: In Synchrony with the Heavens, Volume 2 : Instruments of Mass Calculation:(Studies X-XVIII)DDC classification: 520/.917/67 LOC classification: QB23 -- .K53 2005ebOnline resources: Click to View
Contents:
Intro -- Preface 1 -- Statement on previous publication of parts of this volume -- Bibliography and bibliographical abbreviations -- Part X. Astronomical instrumentation in the medieval Islamic world -- 1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS -- 2 OBSERVATIONAL INSTRUMENTS -- 3 CELESTIAL GLOBES AND ARMILLARY SPHERES -- 4 STANDARD PLANISPHERIC ASTROLABES -- 4.1 On standard astrolabes -- 4.2 Astrolabe construction -- 4.3 Ornamental retes -- 4.4 On the geography of astrolabes -- 4.5 Special markings relating to prayer -- 4.6 Astrological markings -- 4.7 Additional markings -- 5 NON-STANDARD ASTROLABES -- 5.1 Non-standard retes -- 5.2 The universal plate and universal astrolabe -- 5.3 An astrolabe engraved with astronomical tables and fitted with an equatorium -- 5.4 Geared astrolabes and astronomical clocks -- 5.5 The spherical astrolabe -- 5.6 The linear astrolabe -- 5.7 Horizontal orthogonal projections -- 6 QUADRANTS -- 6.1 The trigonometric quadrant -- 6.2 The universal horary quadrant -- 6.3 Latitude-specific horary quadrants -- 6.4 The astrolabic quadrant -- 6.5 The universal quadrant -- 6.6 Caveat: the new quadrant of Profatius -- 7 SUNDIALS -- 7.1 Treatises on gnomonics and sundial construction -- 7.2 Some surviving Islamic sundials -- 8 EQUATORIA -- 9 MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS -- 9.1 Universal instruments for timekeeping by day and night -- 9.2 The magnetic compass -- 9.3 Astronomical compendia -- 9.4 Qibla-indicators -- 9.5 Mecca-centred world-maps -- 9.6 "Slide-rules" for astronomers -- 9.7 The pendulum -- 10 SCHOOLS OF INSTRUMENT-MAKERS -- 11 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Part XI. An approximate formula for timekeeping (750-1900) -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Astronomical timekeeping in the medieval Near East and Europe -- 1.2 Two approximate formulae for timekeeping -- 1.3 The sources used for the present study -- 1.4 The notation used in the analysis.
2 The approximate trigonometric formula for timekeeping -- 2.0 Introductory remarks -- 2.1 Attestations of the formula -- 2.2 al-Marrākushī and Najm al-Dīn al-Misrī on the formula -- 2.3 On the accuracy of the formula -- 3 Miscellaneous universal tables for timekeeping based on the formula -- 3.0 Introductory remarks -- 3.1 A table of solar altitudes by al-Khwārizmī -- 3.2 A table by 'Alī ibn Amājūr -- 3.3 An anonymous table for Baghad -- 3.4 A table by Muhyi 'l-Dīn al-Maghribī -- 3.5 Some tables by al-Marrākushī -- 3.6 Some tables by Najm al-Dīn al-Misrī -- 3.7 An anonymous Yemeni table -- 3.8 Another Yemeni table by al-Daylamī -- 3.9 An anonymous table -- 3.10 A table in the Arabic Zacuto corpus -- 3.11 A table in the Latin sources -- 3.12 A table in the Hebrew sources -- 3.13 A table in the Byzantine sources -- 4 Some tables for specific latitudes based on the formula -- 4.0 Introductory remarks -- 4.1 A table for constructing an horary quadrant for Baghdad -- 4.2 An anonymous timekeeping table for Iran -- 4.3 A dubious timekeeping table for Baghdad -- 4.4 Miscellaneous European tables -- 5 Three tables for twilight for specific latitudes and one universal twilight table based on the formula -- 5.0 The underlying principle -- 5.1 A twilight table for Baghdad -- 5.2 A twilight table for the latitude of the fourth climate -- 5.3 A twilight table for Tunis -- 5.4 A universal twilight table -- 6 Four kinds of universal instrument based on the formula and described by al-Marrākushī -- 6.0 General remarks on sundials -- 6.1 The universal cylindrical sundial -- 6.2 The universal "locust's leg -- 6.3 The universal conical sundial -- 6.4 The "Fazārī balance -- 7 Five kinds of approximate universal sundial described by Najm al-Dīn al-Marrākushī -- 7.0 Introductory remarks -- 7.1-3 Three universal horizontal sundials.
7.4-5 The two universal vertical sundials -- 7.6 Concluding remarks -- 8 Three instruments for timekeeping using the formula -- 8.1 The trigonometric quadrant of al-Khwārizmī -- 8.2 The shakkāziyya plate and associated quadrant -- 8.3 The zarqāllī quadrant -- 9 Varieties of early universal horary quadrants -- 9.0 Introductory remarks -- 9.1 The horary quadrant with circular arcs (type a) -- 9.2 The horary quadrant with parallels -- 9.3 A curious table by al-Khwārizmī -- 9.4 The horary quadrant with radial markings (type c) -- 9.5 The horary quadrant with sail-shaped markings (type d) -- 9.6 Some remarks on the cursor -- 10 The quadrantes vetus and novus -- 10.1 The quadrans vetus in the Islamic Near East -- 10.2 The quadrans vetus in Europe -- 10.3 The quadrans novus -- 11 The universal horary quadrant in later astronomy -- 11.1 Some remarks on astrolabic quadrants for a specific latitude -- 11.2 Some remarks on horary quadrants for specific latitudes -- 11.3 Islamic modifications to the universal horary quadrant with circular arcs -- 11.4 European modifications to the universal horary quadrant with circular arcs -- 12 Concluding remarks -- Appendix: Selected relevant texts in translation -- 1 al-Bīrūnī on the Hārūnī Zīj and Ya'qūb ibn Tāriq -- 2 al-Khwārizmī on the simple trigonometric quadrant -- 3 Anonymous treatise on the horary quadrant for a specific latitude -- 4 Anonymous Abbasid treatise on quadrants -- 5 An anonymous author (Habash ?) on the duration of twilight -- 6a Ibn al-Zarqālluh on the use of the safīha -- 6b Anonymous Egyptian on the shakkāziyya quadrant -- 7 Ibn Ishāq on the approximate formula -- 8 Extracts from an anonymous 12th-century (?) Andalusī (?) treatise on horary quadrants -- List of manuscripts cited -- List of instruments cited -- Part XII. On universal horary quadrants and dials.
a) On the universal horary quadrant for timekeeping by the sun -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Baghdad treatise and its author -- 3 The approximate formula for timekeeping -- 4 The optional cursor -- 5 The "quadrans vetus" in the Islamic world -- 6 On some other Islamic varieties of quadrants -- 7 The quadrans vetus in Europe -- 8 The quadrans novus -- 9 Universal horary markings on astrolabes and their use -- 10 Universal horary quadrants on Islamic astrolabes -- 11 Universal horary quadrants on Islamic astrolabic quadrants -- 12 Universal horary quadrants on European astrolabes -- 13 Universal horary markings on European quadrants -- 14 On the provision of a latitude-dependent solar scale -- 15 Concluding remarks -- App. A: The Baghdad treatise -- Text -- Translation -- Commentary -- App. B: On shadow scales -- App. C: On the universal horary markings on astrolabe alidades -- App. D: List of instruments and manuscripts cited -- b) On universal horary dials for timekeeping by the sun and stars -- 1 Introduction, or Why we start with the navicula and the universal horary quadrant -- 2 The historiography of the navicula in the 20th century -- 3 On some basic notions in medieval spherical astronomy and instrumentation -- a) On latitude-specific and universal solutions -- b) On exact and approximate solutions -- c) On some implications for astronomical instrumentation -- 4 Notation used in this study -- 5 Aspects of Islamic astronomical timekeeping -- a) The problem of reckoning time from solar altitude -- b) Islamic auxiliary functions and tables for timekeeping -- 6 The origin of the navicula in medieval England -- a) On astronomical instrumentation in medieval England -- b) The textual sources -- c) The Florence navicula -- d) More on the English context -- e) Why de Venetiis? -- 7 The use of the universal horary dial on the "standard" navicula.
8 On the mathematics underlying the universal horary dial on the "standard" navicula -- 9 The other markings on the navicula -- a) The universal horary quadrant -- b) The shadow square -- c) On the combination of universal horary markings and shadow square -- d) The calendrical data -- e) The geographical data -- 10 Universal horary dials in the German tradition -- 11 A late Islamic illustration of a universal horary dial -- 12 Habash's universal instrument for timekeeping by the stars -- 13 A remarkable English instrument fitted with a universal horary dial -- 14 Early Islamic predecessors to the European universal horary dial? -- 15 The German tradition of the "other" organum Ptolemaei -- 16 The orthogonal projection in the Islamic sources -- 17 Concluding remarks -- App. A: A list of early universal horary dials and related treatises -- App. B: Other instruments and manuscripts cited -- Part XIII. Selected early Islamic astrolabes, preceded by a general overview of astrolabes -- a) The neglected astrolabe - A supplement to the standard literature on the favourite astronomical instrument of the Middle Ages -- 1 The principle and use of the astrolabe -- 2 Historiographical remarks -- a) Islamic astrolabes -- b) Medieval European astrolabes -- c) The Frankfurt catalogue -- 3 On describing astrolabes -- 4 The form of Greek astrolabes and the only surviving astrolabe with inscriptions in Greek -- 5 The earliest Islamic astrolabes -- 6 Some Islamic astrolabes -- 7 Non-standard astrolabes -- 8 The quadrant in the Islamic world -- 9 The earliest known European astrolabe -- 10 Some other early European astrolabes -- 11 The quadrant in medieval Europe -- 12 Concluding remarks -- b) The oldest astrolabe in the world, from 8th-century Baghdad -- 1 Introductory remarks -- 1 The occasion of this study.
2 The early history of the astrolabe and the oldest surviving examples.
Summary: 'This is the first investigation of one of the main interests of astronomy in Islamic civilization, namely, timekeeping by the sun and stars and the regulation of the astronomically-defined times of Muslim prayer. The study is based on over 500 medieval astronomical manuscripts first identified by the author, now preserved in libraries all over the world and originally from the entire Islamic world from the Maghrib to Central Asia and the Yemen. The materials presented provide new insights into the early development of the prayer ritual in Islam. They also call into question the popular notion that religion could not inspire serious scientific activity. Only one of the hundreds of astronomical tables discussed here was known in medieval Europe, which is one reason why the entire corpus has remained unknown until the present. A second volume, also to be published by Brill, deals with astronomical instruments for timekeeping and other computing devices.
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Intro -- Preface 1 -- Statement on previous publication of parts of this volume -- Bibliography and bibliographical abbreviations -- Part X. Astronomical instrumentation in the medieval Islamic world -- 1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS -- 2 OBSERVATIONAL INSTRUMENTS -- 3 CELESTIAL GLOBES AND ARMILLARY SPHERES -- 4 STANDARD PLANISPHERIC ASTROLABES -- 4.1 On standard astrolabes -- 4.2 Astrolabe construction -- 4.3 Ornamental retes -- 4.4 On the geography of astrolabes -- 4.5 Special markings relating to prayer -- 4.6 Astrological markings -- 4.7 Additional markings -- 5 NON-STANDARD ASTROLABES -- 5.1 Non-standard retes -- 5.2 The universal plate and universal astrolabe -- 5.3 An astrolabe engraved with astronomical tables and fitted with an equatorium -- 5.4 Geared astrolabes and astronomical clocks -- 5.5 The spherical astrolabe -- 5.6 The linear astrolabe -- 5.7 Horizontal orthogonal projections -- 6 QUADRANTS -- 6.1 The trigonometric quadrant -- 6.2 The universal horary quadrant -- 6.3 Latitude-specific horary quadrants -- 6.4 The astrolabic quadrant -- 6.5 The universal quadrant -- 6.6 Caveat: the new quadrant of Profatius -- 7 SUNDIALS -- 7.1 Treatises on gnomonics and sundial construction -- 7.2 Some surviving Islamic sundials -- 8 EQUATORIA -- 9 MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS -- 9.1 Universal instruments for timekeeping by day and night -- 9.2 The magnetic compass -- 9.3 Astronomical compendia -- 9.4 Qibla-indicators -- 9.5 Mecca-centred world-maps -- 9.6 "Slide-rules" for astronomers -- 9.7 The pendulum -- 10 SCHOOLS OF INSTRUMENT-MAKERS -- 11 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- Part XI. An approximate formula for timekeeping (750-1900) -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Astronomical timekeeping in the medieval Near East and Europe -- 1.2 Two approximate formulae for timekeeping -- 1.3 The sources used for the present study -- 1.4 The notation used in the analysis.

2 The approximate trigonometric formula for timekeeping -- 2.0 Introductory remarks -- 2.1 Attestations of the formula -- 2.2 al-Marrākushī and Najm al-Dīn al-Misrī on the formula -- 2.3 On the accuracy of the formula -- 3 Miscellaneous universal tables for timekeeping based on the formula -- 3.0 Introductory remarks -- 3.1 A table of solar altitudes by al-Khwārizmī -- 3.2 A table by 'Alī ibn Amājūr -- 3.3 An anonymous table for Baghad -- 3.4 A table by Muhyi 'l-Dīn al-Maghribī -- 3.5 Some tables by al-Marrākushī -- 3.6 Some tables by Najm al-Dīn al-Misrī -- 3.7 An anonymous Yemeni table -- 3.8 Another Yemeni table by al-Daylamī -- 3.9 An anonymous table -- 3.10 A table in the Arabic Zacuto corpus -- 3.11 A table in the Latin sources -- 3.12 A table in the Hebrew sources -- 3.13 A table in the Byzantine sources -- 4 Some tables for specific latitudes based on the formula -- 4.0 Introductory remarks -- 4.1 A table for constructing an horary quadrant for Baghdad -- 4.2 An anonymous timekeeping table for Iran -- 4.3 A dubious timekeeping table for Baghdad -- 4.4 Miscellaneous European tables -- 5 Three tables for twilight for specific latitudes and one universal twilight table based on the formula -- 5.0 The underlying principle -- 5.1 A twilight table for Baghdad -- 5.2 A twilight table for the latitude of the fourth climate -- 5.3 A twilight table for Tunis -- 5.4 A universal twilight table -- 6 Four kinds of universal instrument based on the formula and described by al-Marrākushī -- 6.0 General remarks on sundials -- 6.1 The universal cylindrical sundial -- 6.2 The universal "locust's leg -- 6.3 The universal conical sundial -- 6.4 The "Fazārī balance -- 7 Five kinds of approximate universal sundial described by Najm al-Dīn al-Marrākushī -- 7.0 Introductory remarks -- 7.1-3 Three universal horizontal sundials.

7.4-5 The two universal vertical sundials -- 7.6 Concluding remarks -- 8 Three instruments for timekeeping using the formula -- 8.1 The trigonometric quadrant of al-Khwārizmī -- 8.2 The shakkāziyya plate and associated quadrant -- 8.3 The zarqāllī quadrant -- 9 Varieties of early universal horary quadrants -- 9.0 Introductory remarks -- 9.1 The horary quadrant with circular arcs (type a) -- 9.2 The horary quadrant with parallels -- 9.3 A curious table by al-Khwārizmī -- 9.4 The horary quadrant with radial markings (type c) -- 9.5 The horary quadrant with sail-shaped markings (type d) -- 9.6 Some remarks on the cursor -- 10 The quadrantes vetus and novus -- 10.1 The quadrans vetus in the Islamic Near East -- 10.2 The quadrans vetus in Europe -- 10.3 The quadrans novus -- 11 The universal horary quadrant in later astronomy -- 11.1 Some remarks on astrolabic quadrants for a specific latitude -- 11.2 Some remarks on horary quadrants for specific latitudes -- 11.3 Islamic modifications to the universal horary quadrant with circular arcs -- 11.4 European modifications to the universal horary quadrant with circular arcs -- 12 Concluding remarks -- Appendix: Selected relevant texts in translation -- 1 al-Bīrūnī on the Hārūnī Zīj and Ya'qūb ibn Tāriq -- 2 al-Khwārizmī on the simple trigonometric quadrant -- 3 Anonymous treatise on the horary quadrant for a specific latitude -- 4 Anonymous Abbasid treatise on quadrants -- 5 An anonymous author (Habash ?) on the duration of twilight -- 6a Ibn al-Zarqālluh on the use of the safīha -- 6b Anonymous Egyptian on the shakkāziyya quadrant -- 7 Ibn Ishāq on the approximate formula -- 8 Extracts from an anonymous 12th-century (?) Andalusī (?) treatise on horary quadrants -- List of manuscripts cited -- List of instruments cited -- Part XII. On universal horary quadrants and dials.

a) On the universal horary quadrant for timekeeping by the sun -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Baghdad treatise and its author -- 3 The approximate formula for timekeeping -- 4 The optional cursor -- 5 The "quadrans vetus" in the Islamic world -- 6 On some other Islamic varieties of quadrants -- 7 The quadrans vetus in Europe -- 8 The quadrans novus -- 9 Universal horary markings on astrolabes and their use -- 10 Universal horary quadrants on Islamic astrolabes -- 11 Universal horary quadrants on Islamic astrolabic quadrants -- 12 Universal horary quadrants on European astrolabes -- 13 Universal horary markings on European quadrants -- 14 On the provision of a latitude-dependent solar scale -- 15 Concluding remarks -- App. A: The Baghdad treatise -- Text -- Translation -- Commentary -- App. B: On shadow scales -- App. C: On the universal horary markings on astrolabe alidades -- App. D: List of instruments and manuscripts cited -- b) On universal horary dials for timekeeping by the sun and stars -- 1 Introduction, or Why we start with the navicula and the universal horary quadrant -- 2 The historiography of the navicula in the 20th century -- 3 On some basic notions in medieval spherical astronomy and instrumentation -- a) On latitude-specific and universal solutions -- b) On exact and approximate solutions -- c) On some implications for astronomical instrumentation -- 4 Notation used in this study -- 5 Aspects of Islamic astronomical timekeeping -- a) The problem of reckoning time from solar altitude -- b) Islamic auxiliary functions and tables for timekeeping -- 6 The origin of the navicula in medieval England -- a) On astronomical instrumentation in medieval England -- b) The textual sources -- c) The Florence navicula -- d) More on the English context -- e) Why de Venetiis? -- 7 The use of the universal horary dial on the "standard" navicula.

8 On the mathematics underlying the universal horary dial on the "standard" navicula -- 9 The other markings on the navicula -- a) The universal horary quadrant -- b) The shadow square -- c) On the combination of universal horary markings and shadow square -- d) The calendrical data -- e) The geographical data -- 10 Universal horary dials in the German tradition -- 11 A late Islamic illustration of a universal horary dial -- 12 Habash's universal instrument for timekeeping by the stars -- 13 A remarkable English instrument fitted with a universal horary dial -- 14 Early Islamic predecessors to the European universal horary dial? -- 15 The German tradition of the "other" organum Ptolemaei -- 16 The orthogonal projection in the Islamic sources -- 17 Concluding remarks -- App. A: A list of early universal horary dials and related treatises -- App. B: Other instruments and manuscripts cited -- Part XIII. Selected early Islamic astrolabes, preceded by a general overview of astrolabes -- a) The neglected astrolabe - A supplement to the standard literature on the favourite astronomical instrument of the Middle Ages -- 1 The principle and use of the astrolabe -- 2 Historiographical remarks -- a) Islamic astrolabes -- b) Medieval European astrolabes -- c) The Frankfurt catalogue -- 3 On describing astrolabes -- 4 The form of Greek astrolabes and the only surviving astrolabe with inscriptions in Greek -- 5 The earliest Islamic astrolabes -- 6 Some Islamic astrolabes -- 7 Non-standard astrolabes -- 8 The quadrant in the Islamic world -- 9 The earliest known European astrolabe -- 10 Some other early European astrolabes -- 11 The quadrant in medieval Europe -- 12 Concluding remarks -- b) The oldest astrolabe in the world, from 8th-century Baghdad -- 1 Introductory remarks -- 1 The occasion of this study.

2 The early history of the astrolabe and the oldest surviving examples.

'This is the first investigation of one of the main interests of astronomy in Islamic civilization, namely, timekeeping by the sun and stars and the regulation of the astronomically-defined times of Muslim prayer. The study is based on over 500 medieval astronomical manuscripts first identified by the author, now preserved in libraries all over the world and originally from the entire Islamic world from the Maghrib to Central Asia and the Yemen. The materials presented provide new insights into the early development of the prayer ritual in Islam. They also call into question the popular notion that religion could not inspire serious scientific activity. Only one of the hundreds of astronomical tables discussed here was known in medieval Europe, which is one reason why the entire corpus has remained unknown until the present. A second volume, also to be published by Brill, deals with astronomical instruments for timekeeping and other computing devices.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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