Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Table of cases -- Table of treaties -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 The general framework -- I. The sources -- A. Customary international law and treaty law -- B. The principal treaties -- II. The semantics -- III. Inter-State armed conflicts -- IV. Military necessity and humanitarian considerations -- V. Humanitarian law and human rights -- VI. Dissemination -- 2 Lawful combatancy -- I. Combatants and civilians -- II. Lawful and unlawful combatants -- III. The entitlement to prisoners of war status under customary international law -- IV. The legal position under Protocol I of 1977 -- V. A case study: the war in Afghanistan -- VI. Mercenaries -- VII. Armed merchant vessels -- 3 Prohibited weapons -- I. Introduction -- II. The principle prohibiting unnecessary suffering -- III. Explicit prohibitions or restrictions of certain weapons -- A. Conventional weapons -- B. Weapons of mass destruction -- IV. The status of nuclear weapons -- V. Development of new weapons -- 4 Legitimate military objectives -- I. The principle of distinction and military objectives -- II. The definition of military objectives by nature, location, purpose and use -- A. The nature of the objective -- B. The purpose of the objective -- C. The use of the objective -- D. The location of the objective -- E. Bridges -- F. Military objectives exempt from attack -- III. General problems relating to the scope of military objectives -- IV. Defended and undefended localities in land warfare -- V. Special problems relating to sea warfare -- A. Areas of naval warfare -- B. Enemy warships -- C. Enemy merchant vessels -- D. Neutral merchant vessels -- E. Destruction of enemy merchant vessels after capture -- F. Blockade -- G. Exclusion zones -- H. Bombardment of coastal areas.

VI. Special problems relating to air warfare -- A. Military aircraft -- B. Civilian aircraft -- C. Strategic and 'target area' bombing -- 5 Protection of civilians and civilian objects from attack -- I. Definitions -- II. Direct attacks against civilians -- III. Indiscriminate attacks -- IV. The principle of proportionality -- V. Legitimate collateral damage -- VI. Precautions in attack -- VII. Cessation of protection and 'human shields' -- VIII. Starvation of civilians -- A. General -- B. Siege warfare -- C. Humanitarian assistance -- 6 Measures of special protection -- I. Persons entitled to special protection -- A. The different categories of beneficiaries -- B. Cessation of protection -- II. Cultural property and places of worship -- A. Introduction -- B. The legal position until 1954 -- C. The Cultural Property Convention of 1954 -- D. Protocol I of 1977 -- E. The war crimes provisions -- F. The 1999 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention -- III. Medical units -- A. Medical units on land -- B. Hospital ships -- C. Medical aircraft -- D. The cessation of protection -- IV. Works and installations containing dangerous forces -- 7 Protection of the environment -- I. Introduction -- II. The international legal texts -- A. The ENMOD Convention -- B. Protocol I of 1977 -- C. Supplementary texts -- III. The dissimilarities between the ENMOD Convention and Protocol I -- IV. A case study: setting fire to oil wells in the Gulf War -- V. Conclusion -- 8 Other methods and means of warfare -- I. Perfidy and ruses of war -- A. The Hague Regulations of 1899/1907 -- B. Protocol I of 1977 -- C. Other texts relating to perfidy and ruses of war -- II. Espionage -- A. The definition of espionage -- B. The penal prosecution of spies -- III. Seizure and destruction of enemy property -- A. Pillage -- B. Booty of war -- C. Prize and contraband.

D. Other destruction and seizure of enemy property -- IV. Belligerent reprisals -- A. The concept of belligerent reprisals -- B. Prohibitions of specific belligerent reprisals -- C. The taking of hostages -- 9 War crimes, command responsibility and defences -- I. The definition of war crimes -- II. The distinction between war criminals and unlawful combatants -- III. Command responsibility -- IV. Admissible and inadmissible defences -- A. Admissible defences -- B. Inadmissible defence pleas -- C. Mitigation of punishment -- General conclusions -- Index of persons -- Index of subjects.

This book is a companion volume to the author's seminal textbook War, Aggression and Self-Defence, Third Edition, Cambridge (2001).

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.