Biological Controls for Preventing Food Deterioration : Strategies for Pre- and Postharvest Management.

By: Sharma, NeetaMaterial type: TextTextPublisher: Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014Copyright date: ©2014Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (471 pages)Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781118533048Subject(s): Food crops - Diseases and pests - Biological controlGenre/Form: Electronic books.Additional physical formats: Print version:: Biological Controls for Preventing Food Deterioration : Strategies for Pre- and Postharvest ManagementDDC classification: 632.960284 LOC classification: SB608.F62 -- .B56 2014ebOnline resources: Click to View
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Biologicals: Green Alternatives for Plant Disease Management -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Food supply on a collision course -- 1.3 The enormity of the problem -- 1.3.1 Overpopulation -- 1.3.2 Effective land usage -- 1.3.3 Water use -- 1.3.4 Energy use -- 1.4 Preventing food losses -- 1.5 Hazards from synthetic pesticides -- 1.6 A way out of this crisis -- 1.7 Types of biopesticides -- 1.7.1 Microbial pesticides -- 1.7.2 Plant-derived products -- 1.7.3 Semiochemicals -- 1.8 Strategies of biological control -- 1.9 Biopesticides: advantages and limitations -- 1.10 Major constraints -- 1.10.1 Agronomic aspects -- 1.10.2 The commercial perspective -- 1.10.3 Public anxiety over BCAs -- 1.10.4 Technical issues -- 1.10.5 Virulence and efficacy -- 1.11 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 2 Postharvest Damages of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Its Management -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Diseases and disorders in mandarins -- 2.2.1 Postharvest diseases of mandarins -- 2.2.2 Physiological disorders in mandarins -- 2.2.3 Postharvest loss of mandarins -- 2.3 Strategies for postharvest management -- 2.3.1 Physical methods -- 2.3.2 Chemical methods -- 2.3.3 Biological methods -- 2.4 Naturally occurring antifungal compounds for biocontrol -- 2.5 Induced resistance -- 2.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Yeasts: Bio-Bullets for Postharvest Diseases of Horticultural Perishables -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Presence of an antagonist -- 3.3 Introduction of the yeast antagonist in the postharvest system of horticultural perishables -- 3.3.1 Yeast as a natural antagonist -- 3.3.2 Yeast as an artificially introduced antagonist -- 3.3.3 Application methods of yeast antagonist for biosuppression of the pathogen.
3.4 Commercial production -- 3.4.1 Properties of an ideal antagonist suitable for commercialization -- 3.4.2 Characteristics required for commercial production -- 3.4.3 Biocontrol yeast products -- 3.5 Problems in product development and registration -- 3.6 Enhancement of the bioactivity of the yeast antagonist -- 3.6.1 Mixed cultures with antagonistic yeast -- 3.6.2 Low levels of fungicides with a yeast antagonist -- 3.6.3 Exogenous substances with a yeast antagonist -- 3.6.4 Physical treatment with a yeast antagonist -- 3.7 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 4 Dissecting the Mechanisms of Action of Biocontrol Agents to Control Postharvest Diseases of Fruit -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Studying the mechanism of action -- 4.3 Competition -- 4.4 The role of biofilm formation -- 4.5 Production of diffusible and volatile antimicrobial compounds -- 4.6 Parasitism and release of hydrolases -- 4.7 Induction of resistance -- 4.8 The role of oxidative stress -- 4.9 Conclusion and future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Potential of PGPR Bacteria in Plant Disease Management -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Beneficial bacteria in soil -- 5.3 Rhizobacteria -- 5.3.1 Gram-positive bacteria as antagonists -- 5.3.2 Gram-negative bacteria -- 5.4 Bacterial parasites of nematodes -- 5.4.1 Pasteuria -- 5.5 Mechanisms involved in biocontrol -- 5.5.1 Structural mechanisms -- 5.5.2 Biochemical mechanisms -- 5.5.3 Competition for niche and nutrients -- 5.5.4 Molecular mechanisms -- 5.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 6 Entophytic Microbes and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 How entophytes affect plants -- 6.3 Entophytes in plant protection -- 6.4 Entophytes' interactions with fungi -- 6.5 Interactions with viruses and bacteria -- 6.6 Entophytes' interactions with nematodes.
6.7 Entomopathogenic entophytes -- 6.8 Entophytes in postharvest management of diseases -- 6.9 Endophytic microorganisms with the potential to improve phytoremediation -- 6.10 Mechanisms of entophytic protection -- 6.10.1 Direct mechanisms -- 6.10.2 Indirect mechanisms -- 6.10.3 Ecological mechanisms -- 6.11 Bioprospecting entophytes -- 6.12 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 7 AM Fungi: A Natural Bio-Protectant against Soil Pathogens -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The rhizosphere -- 7.3 Mycorrhiza -- 7.3.1 Types of mycorrhizal associations -- 7.4 Soil microbes and AMF dynamics -- 7.5 The bio-communications of microbes and mycorrhizae -- 7.5.1 Beneficial bio-communications -- 7.5.2 The role of AMF in plant growth promotion (PGP) -- 7.5.3 The antagonistic bio-communication -- 7.6 The role of AMF in plant protection -- 7.7 AMF as a potential natural bio-protectant -- 7.8 AMF biocontrol efficacy and mechanisms -- 7.8.1 Direct mechanisms -- 7.8.2 Indirect mechanisms -- 7.9 The genetic interpretation of induction -- 7.9.1 The signalling pathways involved -- 7.10 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 8 Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Bio-Management of Insect Pests -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Storage pests -- 8.3 Insecticide resistance in storage pests -- 8.4 The urgent need -- 8.5 Entomopathogenic fungi -- 8.5.1 Advantages -- 8.5.2 Disadvantages -- 8.6 Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi -- 8.7 Mode of infection -- 8.8 Mode of action -- 8.8.1 Oviposition deterrence activity -- 8.8.2 Chitin inhibitor -- 8.8.3 Bacterial septicaemia -- 8.9 Virulence and viability -- 8.10 Effect of temperature and relative humidity -- 8.11 Compatibility of entomopathogens with botanicals -- 8.12 Compatibility of entomopathogens with chemicals -- 8.13 Production of entomopathogens.
8.14 Constraints on the production and commercialization of entomopathogens -- 8.15 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 9 The Multifaceted Role of the Trichoderma System in Biocontrol -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Why Trichoderma? -- 9.3 Mechanisms used by Trichoderma spp. -- 9.3.1 Direct action -- 9.3.2 Antibiotic activity and production of secondary metabolites -- 9.3.3 Competition with soil microsphere -- 9.3.4 Indirect action of the biocontrol agents -- 9.4 Compatibility of the Trichoderma system with other microorganisms -- 9.4.1 With mycorrhiza -- 9.5 Other applications -- 9.5.1 As a nematicide -- 9.5.2 Against insects -- 9.5.3 As a weedicide -- 9.5.4 Diseases of fruits and vegetables -- 9.6 Pesticide susceptibility -- 9.7 Mass multiplication of Trichoderma -- 9.8 Methods of mass multiplication -- 9.8.1 Micropropagules -- 9.9 Commercial use of Trichoderma -- 9.10 Basic components of biocontrol systems -- 9.10.1 Biocontrol strain -- 9.10.2 Compatibility testing of Trichoderma -- 9.10.3 Commercial potential -- 9.10.4 Constraints on the commercialization of Trichoderma spp. BCAs -- 9.11 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 10 Ladybirds: Potential Bioagents against Plant Pests and Vectors -- 10.1 Insects and humans -- 10.2 The rise of crop pests and their management -- 10.3 Biocontrol rediscovered -- 10.3.1 Types of biocontrol -- 10.3.2 Shift from classical biocontrol -- 10.4 Ladybirds: potential bioagents -- 10.5 Pre-release studies -- 10.5.1 Food: identification of target prey and optimization for mass production -- 10.5.2 Predator interactions -- 10.5.3 Temperature -- 10.5.4 Light -- 10.5.5 Age -- 10.5.6 Mating and reproduction -- 10.6 Mass production and release techniques -- 10.7 Success stories -- 10.8 The urgent need -- References -- Chapter 11 Biomanagement of Phytonematodes -- 11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Ecologically safe methods/products -- 11.2.1 Mixed cropping/intercropping -- 11.2.2 Crop rotation -- 11.2.3 Soil amendment using natural products -- 11.2.4 Chitin -- 11.3 Antagonists of plant-parasitic nematodes -- 11.3.1 Antagonistic bacteria -- 11.3.2 Opportunistic parasitic bacteria -- 11.3.3 Rhizobacteria -- 11.3.4 Cry protein-forming bacteria -- 11.4 Endophytic bacteria -- 11.5 Nematophagous fungi -- 11.6 Predacious nematodes -- 11.7 Invertebrates -- 11.8 Proposed mechanisms behind the antagonism -- 11.8.1 Common by-products of decomposition -- 11.8.2 Plant-specific toxins -- 11.8.3 Stimulation of natural enemies of nematodes -- 11.8.4 The Linford hypothesis -- 11.8.5 The chitin hypothesis -- 11.8.6 Plant tolerance -- 11.8.7 Habitat modification -- 11.9 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 12 The Effect of Essential Oils on the Development of Phytopathogenic Fungi -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Essential oils and their effects -- 12.3 Bioactivities of essential oils -- 12.4 Antifungal effects -- 12.5 Results -- 12.6 Application of essential oils -- 12.7 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 13 Chitosan: A Potential Antifungal Compound to Control Anthracnose Disease in Papaya -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Papaya (Carica papaya L.) -- 13.2.1 Status of the papaya industry in the world -- 13.2.2 Harvest maturity and postharvest handling -- 13.2.3 Chemical constituents of papaya -- 13.3 Major postharvest diseases of papaya -- 13.3.1 Anthracnose disease in papaya -- 13.3.2 Methods of control of postharvest pathogens -- 13.3.3 Chitosan (poly (1-4) β, D-glucosamine) -- 13.3.4 Chitosan as an elicitor response mechanism in plants -- 13.3.5 Effect of chitosan on postharvest disease control and quality retention of horticultural commodities -- 13.3.6 Effect of γ-irradiation on the antifungal properties of chitosan.
13.3.7 Effect of chitosan on anthracnose disease control of papaya.
Summary: Various biotic factors cause diseases in crops, which result in food losses. Historically pesticide development has been instructive to us in terms of the benefits derived as well as the hazards that accompany their indiscriminate use. The application of fertilizers and pesticides to crops has become a norm in agricultural production, but this has led to resurgence in pests as they have developed resistance to such chemicals. Biological control of plant pests and pathogens is part of the solution to this problem. This is an area that continues to inspire research and development. It is also the foundation on which sustainable, non-polluting pest control for tomorrow's farms must be built. Biological Controls for Preventing FoodDeterioration provides readers with options of non-chemical, eco-friendly, environmentally safe natural alternatives to prevent food from spoilage at pre- and postharvest stages. It covers the principles behind these techniques and their implementation. By integrating theory and practice, this book discusses the potential and associated problems in the development of non-chemical alternatives to protect food and addresses the common hurdles that need to be overcome to enable commercialization and registration of natural products for combating diseases. Focussing on plant foods, this timely book is unique in scope as it offers an international perspective on food deterioration caused by bacterial, fungal, viral, and mycotoxin contamination. It brings together highly respected scientists from differingyet complementary disciplines in one unified work that is important reading for food safety professionals, researchers and students.
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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Biologicals: Green Alternatives for Plant Disease Management -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Food supply on a collision course -- 1.3 The enormity of the problem -- 1.3.1 Overpopulation -- 1.3.2 Effective land usage -- 1.3.3 Water use -- 1.3.4 Energy use -- 1.4 Preventing food losses -- 1.5 Hazards from synthetic pesticides -- 1.6 A way out of this crisis -- 1.7 Types of biopesticides -- 1.7.1 Microbial pesticides -- 1.7.2 Plant-derived products -- 1.7.3 Semiochemicals -- 1.8 Strategies of biological control -- 1.9 Biopesticides: advantages and limitations -- 1.10 Major constraints -- 1.10.1 Agronomic aspects -- 1.10.2 The commercial perspective -- 1.10.3 Public anxiety over BCAs -- 1.10.4 Technical issues -- 1.10.5 Virulence and efficacy -- 1.11 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 2 Postharvest Damages of Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Its Management -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Diseases and disorders in mandarins -- 2.2.1 Postharvest diseases of mandarins -- 2.2.2 Physiological disorders in mandarins -- 2.2.3 Postharvest loss of mandarins -- 2.3 Strategies for postharvest management -- 2.3.1 Physical methods -- 2.3.2 Chemical methods -- 2.3.3 Biological methods -- 2.4 Naturally occurring antifungal compounds for biocontrol -- 2.5 Induced resistance -- 2.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Yeasts: Bio-Bullets for Postharvest Diseases of Horticultural Perishables -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Presence of an antagonist -- 3.3 Introduction of the yeast antagonist in the postharvest system of horticultural perishables -- 3.3.1 Yeast as a natural antagonist -- 3.3.2 Yeast as an artificially introduced antagonist -- 3.3.3 Application methods of yeast antagonist for biosuppression of the pathogen.

3.4 Commercial production -- 3.4.1 Properties of an ideal antagonist suitable for commercialization -- 3.4.2 Characteristics required for commercial production -- 3.4.3 Biocontrol yeast products -- 3.5 Problems in product development and registration -- 3.6 Enhancement of the bioactivity of the yeast antagonist -- 3.6.1 Mixed cultures with antagonistic yeast -- 3.6.2 Low levels of fungicides with a yeast antagonist -- 3.6.3 Exogenous substances with a yeast antagonist -- 3.6.4 Physical treatment with a yeast antagonist -- 3.7 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 4 Dissecting the Mechanisms of Action of Biocontrol Agents to Control Postharvest Diseases of Fruit -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Studying the mechanism of action -- 4.3 Competition -- 4.4 The role of biofilm formation -- 4.5 Production of diffusible and volatile antimicrobial compounds -- 4.6 Parasitism and release of hydrolases -- 4.7 Induction of resistance -- 4.8 The role of oxidative stress -- 4.9 Conclusion and future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Potential of PGPR Bacteria in Plant Disease Management -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Beneficial bacteria in soil -- 5.3 Rhizobacteria -- 5.3.1 Gram-positive bacteria as antagonists -- 5.3.2 Gram-negative bacteria -- 5.4 Bacterial parasites of nematodes -- 5.4.1 Pasteuria -- 5.5 Mechanisms involved in biocontrol -- 5.5.1 Structural mechanisms -- 5.5.2 Biochemical mechanisms -- 5.5.3 Competition for niche and nutrients -- 5.5.4 Molecular mechanisms -- 5.6 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 6 Entophytic Microbes and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 How entophytes affect plants -- 6.3 Entophytes in plant protection -- 6.4 Entophytes' interactions with fungi -- 6.5 Interactions with viruses and bacteria -- 6.6 Entophytes' interactions with nematodes.

6.7 Entomopathogenic entophytes -- 6.8 Entophytes in postharvest management of diseases -- 6.9 Endophytic microorganisms with the potential to improve phytoremediation -- 6.10 Mechanisms of entophytic protection -- 6.10.1 Direct mechanisms -- 6.10.2 Indirect mechanisms -- 6.10.3 Ecological mechanisms -- 6.11 Bioprospecting entophytes -- 6.12 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 7 AM Fungi: A Natural Bio-Protectant against Soil Pathogens -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The rhizosphere -- 7.3 Mycorrhiza -- 7.3.1 Types of mycorrhizal associations -- 7.4 Soil microbes and AMF dynamics -- 7.5 The bio-communications of microbes and mycorrhizae -- 7.5.1 Beneficial bio-communications -- 7.5.2 The role of AMF in plant growth promotion (PGP) -- 7.5.3 The antagonistic bio-communication -- 7.6 The role of AMF in plant protection -- 7.7 AMF as a potential natural bio-protectant -- 7.8 AMF biocontrol efficacy and mechanisms -- 7.8.1 Direct mechanisms -- 7.8.2 Indirect mechanisms -- 7.9 The genetic interpretation of induction -- 7.9.1 The signalling pathways involved -- 7.10 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 8 Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Bio-Management of Insect Pests -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Storage pests -- 8.3 Insecticide resistance in storage pests -- 8.4 The urgent need -- 8.5 Entomopathogenic fungi -- 8.5.1 Advantages -- 8.5.2 Disadvantages -- 8.6 Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi -- 8.7 Mode of infection -- 8.8 Mode of action -- 8.8.1 Oviposition deterrence activity -- 8.8.2 Chitin inhibitor -- 8.8.3 Bacterial septicaemia -- 8.9 Virulence and viability -- 8.10 Effect of temperature and relative humidity -- 8.11 Compatibility of entomopathogens with botanicals -- 8.12 Compatibility of entomopathogens with chemicals -- 8.13 Production of entomopathogens.

8.14 Constraints on the production and commercialization of entomopathogens -- 8.15 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 9 The Multifaceted Role of the Trichoderma System in Biocontrol -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Why Trichoderma? -- 9.3 Mechanisms used by Trichoderma spp. -- 9.3.1 Direct action -- 9.3.2 Antibiotic activity and production of secondary metabolites -- 9.3.3 Competition with soil microsphere -- 9.3.4 Indirect action of the biocontrol agents -- 9.4 Compatibility of the Trichoderma system with other microorganisms -- 9.4.1 With mycorrhiza -- 9.5 Other applications -- 9.5.1 As a nematicide -- 9.5.2 Against insects -- 9.5.3 As a weedicide -- 9.5.4 Diseases of fruits and vegetables -- 9.6 Pesticide susceptibility -- 9.7 Mass multiplication of Trichoderma -- 9.8 Methods of mass multiplication -- 9.8.1 Micropropagules -- 9.9 Commercial use of Trichoderma -- 9.10 Basic components of biocontrol systems -- 9.10.1 Biocontrol strain -- 9.10.2 Compatibility testing of Trichoderma -- 9.10.3 Commercial potential -- 9.10.4 Constraints on the commercialization of Trichoderma spp. BCAs -- 9.11 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 10 Ladybirds: Potential Bioagents against Plant Pests and Vectors -- 10.1 Insects and humans -- 10.2 The rise of crop pests and their management -- 10.3 Biocontrol rediscovered -- 10.3.1 Types of biocontrol -- 10.3.2 Shift from classical biocontrol -- 10.4 Ladybirds: potential bioagents -- 10.5 Pre-release studies -- 10.5.1 Food: identification of target prey and optimization for mass production -- 10.5.2 Predator interactions -- 10.5.3 Temperature -- 10.5.4 Light -- 10.5.5 Age -- 10.5.6 Mating and reproduction -- 10.6 Mass production and release techniques -- 10.7 Success stories -- 10.8 The urgent need -- References -- Chapter 11 Biomanagement of Phytonematodes -- 11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Ecologically safe methods/products -- 11.2.1 Mixed cropping/intercropping -- 11.2.2 Crop rotation -- 11.2.3 Soil amendment using natural products -- 11.2.4 Chitin -- 11.3 Antagonists of plant-parasitic nematodes -- 11.3.1 Antagonistic bacteria -- 11.3.2 Opportunistic parasitic bacteria -- 11.3.3 Rhizobacteria -- 11.3.4 Cry protein-forming bacteria -- 11.4 Endophytic bacteria -- 11.5 Nematophagous fungi -- 11.6 Predacious nematodes -- 11.7 Invertebrates -- 11.8 Proposed mechanisms behind the antagonism -- 11.8.1 Common by-products of decomposition -- 11.8.2 Plant-specific toxins -- 11.8.3 Stimulation of natural enemies of nematodes -- 11.8.4 The Linford hypothesis -- 11.8.5 The chitin hypothesis -- 11.8.6 Plant tolerance -- 11.8.7 Habitat modification -- 11.9 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 12 The Effect of Essential Oils on the Development of Phytopathogenic Fungi -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Essential oils and their effects -- 12.3 Bioactivities of essential oils -- 12.4 Antifungal effects -- 12.5 Results -- 12.6 Application of essential oils -- 12.7 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 13 Chitosan: A Potential Antifungal Compound to Control Anthracnose Disease in Papaya -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Papaya (Carica papaya L.) -- 13.2.1 Status of the papaya industry in the world -- 13.2.2 Harvest maturity and postharvest handling -- 13.2.3 Chemical constituents of papaya -- 13.3 Major postharvest diseases of papaya -- 13.3.1 Anthracnose disease in papaya -- 13.3.2 Methods of control of postharvest pathogens -- 13.3.3 Chitosan (poly (1-4) β, D-glucosamine) -- 13.3.4 Chitosan as an elicitor response mechanism in plants -- 13.3.5 Effect of chitosan on postharvest disease control and quality retention of horticultural commodities -- 13.3.6 Effect of γ-irradiation on the antifungal properties of chitosan.

13.3.7 Effect of chitosan on anthracnose disease control of papaya.

Various biotic factors cause diseases in crops, which result in food losses. Historically pesticide development has been instructive to us in terms of the benefits derived as well as the hazards that accompany their indiscriminate use. The application of fertilizers and pesticides to crops has become a norm in agricultural production, but this has led to resurgence in pests as they have developed resistance to such chemicals. Biological control of plant pests and pathogens is part of the solution to this problem. This is an area that continues to inspire research and development. It is also the foundation on which sustainable, non-polluting pest control for tomorrow's farms must be built. Biological Controls for Preventing FoodDeterioration provides readers with options of non-chemical, eco-friendly, environmentally safe natural alternatives to prevent food from spoilage at pre- and postharvest stages. It covers the principles behind these techniques and their implementation. By integrating theory and practice, this book discusses the potential and associated problems in the development of non-chemical alternatives to protect food and addresses the common hurdles that need to be overcome to enable commercialization and registration of natural products for combating diseases. Focussing on plant foods, this timely book is unique in scope as it offers an international perspective on food deterioration caused by bacterial, fungal, viral, and mycotoxin contamination. It brings together highly respected scientists from differingyet complementary disciplines in one unified work that is important reading for food safety professionals, researchers and students.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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