Front Cover -- An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- 1 Introduction to Immobilisation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Importance of Waste -- 1.3 Radioactive Waste -- 1.4 Recycling -- 1.5 Waste Minimisation -- 1.6 Processing and Immobilisation -- 1.7 Time Frames -- Bibliography -- 2 Nuclear Decay -- 2.1 Nuclear Matter -- 2.2 Radioactive Decay -- 2.3 Decay Law -- 2.4 Radioactive Equilibrium -- 2.5 Activity -- 2.6 Alpha Decay -- 2.7 Beta Decay -- 2.8 Gamma Decay -- 2.9 Spontaneous Fission -- 2.10 Radionuclide Characteristics -- Bibliography -- 3 Contaminants and Hazards -- 3.1 Elemental Abundance -- 3.2 Migration and Redistribution -- 3.3 Potential Hazard of Nuclear Waste -- 3.4 Relative Hazards -- 3.5 Importance of Wasteform: Real Hazard Concept -- 3.6 Wasteform Durability and Hazard Diminishing -- Bibliography -- 4 Naturally Occurring Radionuclides -- 4.1 NORM and TENORM -- 4.2 Primordial Radionuclides -- 4.3 Use of Primordial Radionuclides for Dating -- 4.4 Natural Nuclear Reactors -- 4.5 Cosmogenic Radionuclides -- 4.6 Natural Radionuclides in Igneous Rocks -- 4.7 Natural Radionuclides in Sedimentary Rocks and Soils -- 4.8 Natural Radionuclides in Sea Water -- 4.9 Radon Emissions -- 4.10 Natural Radionuclides in the Human Body -- Bibliography -- 5 Background Radiation -- 5.1 Radiation is Natural -- 5.2 Dose Units -- 5.3 Biological Consequences of Irradiation -- 5.4 Background Radiation -- Bibliography -- 6 Nuclear Waste Regulations -- 6.1 Regulatory Organisations -- 6.2 Protection Philosophies -- 6.3 Regulation of Radioactive Materials and Sources -- 6.4 Exemption Criteria and Levels -- 6.5 Clearance of Materials from Regulatory Control - Moderate Amounts -- 6.6 Clearance of Materials from Regulatory Control - Bulk Amounts -- 6.7 Double Standards.

6.8 Dose Limits -- 6.9 Control of Radiation Hazards -- 6.10 Nuclear Waste Classification -- 6.11 IAEA Classification Scheme -- 6.12 Examples of Waste Classification -- References -- Bibliography -- 7 Principles of Nuclear Waste Management -- 7.1 International Consensus -- 7.2 Objective of Radioactive Waste Management -- 7.3 Fundamental Principles -- 7.4 Comments on the Fundamental Principles -- 7.5 Fundamental Safety Principles -- 7.6 Ethical Principles -- 7.7 Joint Convention -- 7.8 International Cooperation -- References -- Bibliography -- 8 Nuclear Waste Types and Sources -- 8.1 Sources of Nuclear Waste -- 8.2 Front-End and Operational NFC Waste -- 8.3 Back-End Open NFC Waste -- 8.4 Back-End Closed NFC Waste -- 8.5 Back-End NFC Decommissioning Waste -- 8.6 Non-NFC Wastes -- 8.7 Accidental Wastes -- 8.8 Global Inventory -- References -- Bibliography -- 9 Short-Lived Waste Radionuclides -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Tritium -- 9.3 Cobalt-60 -- 9.4 Strontium-90 -- 9.5 Cesium-137 -- Bibliography -- 10 Long-Lived Waste Radionuclides -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Carbon-14 -- 10.3 Technetium-99 -- 10.4 Iodine-129 -- 10.5 Plutonium -- 10.6 Neptunium-237 -- 10.7 Nuclear Criticality -- References -- Bibliography -- 11 Waste Processing Schemes -- 11.1 Management Roadmap -- 11.2 Waste Life Cycle -- 11.3 Pre-disposal -- 11.4 Disposal -- 11.5 Categorisation for Processing -- 11.6 Selection of Processing Technologies -- 11.7 Wasteforms -- 11.8 Waste Packages -- 11.9 Processing of NORM waste -- References -- Bibliography -- 12 Characterisation of Radioactive Waste -- 12.1 Approaches to Waste Characterisation -- 12.2 Characterisation of Radiation Fields -- 12.3 Sampling and Characterisation of Surface Contamination -- 12.4 Waste Characterisation Techniques -- 12.5 Characterisation of Waste Packages and Wasteforms -- 12.6 Characterisation of Environment and Personnel.

Bibliography -- 13 Pre-treatment of Radioactive Wastes -- 13.1 Pre-treatment Objectives -- 13.2 Collection and Segregation -- 13.3 Adjustment -- 13.4 Size Reduction -- 13.5 Packaging -- 13.6 Decontamination -- Bibliography -- 14 Treatment of Radioactive Wastes -- 14.1 Treatment Objectives -- 14.2 Treatment of Aqueous Wastes -- 14.2.1 Evaporation -- 14.2.2 Chemical Precipitation -- 14.2.3 Sorption and Ion Exchange -- 14.2.4 Membrane Methods -- 14.2.5 Combined Methods -- 14.2.6 Mobile Units -- 14.3 Treatment of Organic Liquid Wastes -- 14.4 Treatment of Solid Wastes -- 14.4.1 Compaction and Super-Compaction -- 14.4.2 Incineration -- 14.4.3 Incinerators -- 14.4.4 Chemical and Thermochemical Treatment -- 14.5 Treatment of Gaseous and Airborne Effluents -- 14.6 Partitioning and Transmutation -- Reference -- Bibliography -- 15 Immobilisation of Radioactive Waste in Cement -- 15.1 Cementitious Wasteforms -- 15.2 Hydraulic Cements -- 15.3 Cement Hydration -- 15.4 Phase Composition of Hydrated Cements -- 15.5 Cementation of Radioactive Wastes -- 15.6 Modified and Composite Cement Systems -- 15.7 Alternative Cementitious Systems -- 15.7.1 Calcium Aluminate Cements -- 15.7.2 Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cements -- 15.7.3 Phosphate Cements -- 15.7.4 Geopolymers -- 15.7.5 Hydroceramics -- 15.7.6 Application of Alternative Cementitious Systems in Waste Immobilisation -- 15.8 Cementation Technology -- 15.9 Acceptance Criteria -- References -- Bibliography -- 16 Immobilisation of Radioactive Waste in Bitumen -- 16.1 Bituminisation -- 16.2 Composition and Properties of Bitumen -- 16.3 Bituminous Materials for Waste Immobilisation -- 16.4 Waste Loading -- 16.5 Bituminisation Technique -- 16.6 Acceptance Criteria -- 16.7 Bitumen Versus Cement -- Bibliography -- 17 Immobilisation of Radioactive Waste in Glass -- 17.1 Glasses and the Vitreous State.

17.2 Glasses for Nuclear Waste Immobilisation -- 17.3 Immobilisation Mechanisms -- 17.4 Borosilicate Glasses -- 17.5 Cations in Silicate Glasses -- 17.6 Degree of Polymerisation -- 17.7 Role of Boron Oxide -- 17.8 Role of Intermediates and Modifiers -- 17.9 Difficult Elements -- 17.10 Selection Rules for a Nuclear Wasteform Silicate Glass -- 17.11 Phosphate Glasses -- 17.12 Glass Composite Materials -- 17.13 Vitrification Technology -- 17.14 Development of Vitrification Technologies -- 17.15 Calcination Processes -- 17.16 Cold Crucible Melters -- 17.17 In Situ Vitrification -- 17.18 Radionuclide Volatility -- 17.19 Acceptance Criteria -- References -- Bibliography -- 18 New Immobilising Hosts and Technologies -- 18.1 New Approaches -- 18.2 Crystalline Wasteforms -- 18.3 Radiation Damage -- 18.4 Actinide-Hosting Ceramics -- 18.5 Polyphase Crystalline Wasteforms: Synroc -- 18.6 Polyphase Wasteforms: Glass-Crystalline Composites -- 18.7 New Technological Approaches -- 18.8 Metal Matrix Immobilisation -- References -- Bibliography -- 19 Transport and Storage of Radioactive Waste -- 19.1 Transportation -- 19.2 Storage -- 19.3 SNF Storage -- 19.4 Storage Inventory -- Bibliography -- 20 Nuclear Waste Disposal -- 20.1 Disposal/Storage Concepts -- 20.2 Retention Times -- 20.3 Multi-Barrier Concept -- 20.4 Disposal/Storage Options -- 20.5 Role of the EBS -- 20.6 Importance of NGB -- 20.7 Transport of Radionuclides -- 20.8 Disposal Experience -- 20.9 Acceptance Criteria -- Bibliography -- 21 Safety and Performance Assessments -- 21.1 Safety Case -- 21.2 Safety Requirements -- 21.3 Safety Assessment Report -- 21.4 Safety Assessment Process -- 21.5 Cementitious Materials Performance -- 21.6 Bitumen Performance -- 21.7 Glass Performance -- 21.8 Glass Corrosion Mechanisms -- 21.9 Glass Performance in Confined Conditions (Geological Repository).

21.10 Radiation Effects -- 21.11 Research Laboratories -- 21.12 Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography.

Drawing on the authors' extensive experience in the processing and disposal of waste, An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, Second Edition examines the gamut of nuclear waste issues from the natural level of radionuclides in the environment to geological disposal of waste-forms and their long-term behavior. It covers all-important aspects of processing and immobilization, including nuclear decay, regulations, new technologies and methods. Significant focus is given to the analysis of the various matrices used, especially cement and glass, with further discussion of other matrices such as bitumen. The final chapter concentrates on the performance assessment of immobilizing materials and safety of disposal, providing a full range of the resources needed to understand and correctly immobilize nuclear waste. The fully revised second edition focuses on core technologies and has an integrated approach to immobilization and hazards Each chapter focuses on a different matrix used in nuclear waste immobilization: cement, bitumen, glass and new materials Keeps the most important issues surrounding nuclear waste - such as treatment schemes and technologies and disposal - at the forefront.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.