Intro -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Part One Data and Theories, An Overview -- Chapter One Introduction -- 1.1 Basic Notions and Goals -- 1.2 Chapter 2: Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality: Two Sets of Facts -- 1.3 Chapter 3: The Linguistic Perspective on Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality -- 1.4 Chapter 4: The Psychological Perspective on Vagueness, Gradability and Typicality -- 1.5 Part 2: The New Proposal -- 1.5.1 Chapters 5-6: Partial Information about Graded Structures -- 1.5.2 Chapter 7: A Typology of Predicates by the Type of Their Degree Function -- 1.5.3 Chapter 8: The Connections between Vagueness and Gradability -- 1.5.4 Chapter 9: Polarity Effects -- 1.5.5 Chapter 10: Conclusions and Beyond -- Chapter Two The Linguistic and Psychological Perspectives -- 2.1 The Linguistic Data -- 2.1.1 Vagueness -- 2.1.2 Gradability -- 2.1.3 Positive versus Negative Predicates: Polarity Effects -- 2.2 The Psychological Data -- 2.2.1 Vagueness in Nouns -- 2.2.2 Entity Orderings in Nouns -- 2.2.3 Dimensions in Nouns -- 2.2.4 Typicality and Denotation Membership -- 2.2.5 Typicality and Learning -- 2.2.6 The Productive Nature of Typicality Effects -- 2.3 Intermediate Conclusions and One Last Piece of Data -- Chapter Three Overview of Linguistic Theories -- 3.1 The Representation of Vagueness -- 3.2 The Analysis of Gradability -- 3.2.1 The Connection between Vagueness and Gradability -- 3.2.2 The Nature of the Degrees: The Ordinal Scale versus Interval Scale Controversy -- 3.2.3 Polarity -- 3.3 Typicality in Linguistic Theories -- 3.3.1 Background: Multi-Valued Semantics -- 3.3.2 Supermodel Theory: Kamp and Partee (1995) -- 3.3.3 Problems with Supermodel Theory -- Chapter Four An Overview of Psychological Theories -- 4.1 Prototype Theory -- 4.1.1 Dimension Sets, Mean Distance and Similarity -- 4.1.2 Standard-Based Categorization.

4.1.3 Contrast-Based Categorization -- 4.1.4 The Main Problem of Prototype Models: Linear Separability -- 4.2 Exemplar Theory -- 4.2.1 Exemplar-Based Similarity -- 4.2.2 The Results of Exemplar Extension -- 4.2.3 The Disadvantage of Eliminating Summary Representations -- 4.2.4 Are Exemplar-Based and Prototype-Based Predictions Inconsistent? -- 4.3 Objections to Truth Conditional Theories -- 4.3.1 The Conjunction and Sub-Type Effects and Failures of Intersection Inferences -- 4.3.2 A Composite-Prototype Representation -- 4.3.3 Constituent-Based Predictions -- 4.4 The Representation of Information about Prototypes -- 4.4.1 The Probabilistic Criterion -- 4.4.2 The Knowledge Criterion -- 4.5 Apparent Dissociations between Judgments of Typicality and Membership Likelihood -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Part Two A Comprehensive Semantic Analysis -- Chapter Five Information Structure with Degrees and Dimensions -- 5.1 Modeling Partial Information about Degrees and Dimensions -- 5.2 The Inhabitants of Vagueness Models: Representing Vagueness and Ignorance -- 5.3 Numerical Degree Functions -- 5.4 Negative Predicates: The Quantity Metaphor and Transformation Values -- 5.5 Dimensions and Dimension Sets -- 5.6 Nouns, Adjectives, and More -- 5.7 The Degree Function of Multidimensional Adjectives -- Chapter Six Partial Information about Gradability and Typicality -- 6.1 The Syntax of the Language -- 6.2 Vagueness Models with Degree Functions -- 6.2.1 A Degree Ontology: D and Df -- 6.2.2 The Context Structure: C, ≤ , c0 , and T -- 6.2.3 The Extension Assigning Function Extension -- 6.2.4 The Set of Assignment Functions G -- 6.2.5 Semantic Values Relative to a Context t in T and an Assignment g in G -- 6.2.6 Supersemantic Values Relative to a Context c in C and an Assignment g in G -- 6.2.7 The Additional Elements in the Interpretation of Predicates, I.

6.2.8 The Superelements of the Interpretation of Predicates, I, Relative to c and g -- Chapter Seven A Degree-Function Based Typology of Predicates -- 7.1 Standard-Based Categorization -- 7.2 Membership Standards as Domain-Based -- 7.2.1 The Connections between Standards and Domains -- 7.2.2 Domain-Dependent Standards of Absolute Predicates -- 7.2.3 The Standards of Nominal Concepts -- 7.3 Negative versus Positive Adjectives -- 7.4 Nominal Concepts: A Prototype Theory -- 7.4.1 Nominal Concepts Are Similarity-Based -- 7.4.2 The Representation of Partial and Context-Dependent Information about Prototypes -- 7.4.3 A Psychologically Realistic Representation of the Nominal Intension -- 7.4.4 The Felicity of Nominal Concepts in Between-Predicate Comparisons -- 7.4.5 The Dimension Reading of Typical -- 7.5 Multidimensional Αdjectives and Distance Predicates -- 7.5.1 Rules versus Similarity-Based Categorization Criteria -- 7.5.2 The Interpretation of Distance Predicates -- 7.5.3 The Differences between Nominal and Adjectival Concepts -- 7.5.4 The Double Nature of Negative Antonymy -- 7.5.5 Evidence from Еxception Phrases and Degree Modifiers -- 7.5.6 Dimension Accessibility: The Licensing of with Respect to Phrases -- 7.5.7 The Licensing of Comparative Morphemes -- 7.5.8 Languages with a Closed Set of Adjectives (and Rule-Based Verbs) -- 7.6 Intermediate Conclusions -- Chapter Eight The Learning Principle and Complex Concepts -- 8.1 An Ordering Principle Based on Vagueness Resolution (Order of Learning) -- 8.2 Typicality is Tightly Coupled with Learning Order -- 8.3 Acquisition of Predicate Interpretation Based on Entities Acquired Early -- 8.4 Classification of Typical Entities by Inference -- 8.5 Familiarity Effects -- 8.6 Typicality and Proper Names: First Impression Effects -- 8.7 Complex Concepts -- 8.7.1 Negated Predicates.

8.7.2 Conjunction Effects and Fallacies -- 8.7.3 Emergent Dimensions and Inheritance Failures -- 8.7.4 The Ordering in Conjunctive Predicates, Compositionality and Its Limits -- 8.8 Intermediate Conclusions -- 8.9 Exemplars, Κinds, Typicality, and Genericity: Suggestions for Future Research -- 8.9.1 Exemplar Effects -- 8.9.2 Typicality and Genericity -- Chapter Nine The Meaning and Distribution of Gradability Morphemes -- 9.1 Dimensional Polarity -- 9.2 A Typology of Predicates by Their Transformation Values and Additive Functions -- 9.2.1 Ratio versus Interval Predicates -- 9.2.2 Interval versus Оrdinal Predicates -- 9.3 Unit Names and Numerical Degree Predicates -- 9.3.1 An Analysis Based on Measurement Theory -- 9.3.2 Direct Consequences: Unit Names and Numerical Degree Relations in Polar Antonyms -- 9.3.3 Between-Predicate Comparisons in Predicates with Conventional Unit Names -- 9.3.4 Celsius -- 9.3.5 Predicates That Can Never Occur with Numerical Degree Predicates -- 9.3.6 Numerical Degree Predicates in Argument Position -- 9.3.7 Complex Νumerical Degree Relations -- 9.4 Clausal Comparatives -- 9.4.1 A Supremum Theory without Including a Supremum in the Interpretation of Predicates -- 9.4.2 Clausal Comparisons with Negative Predicates -- 9.4.3 Cross-Polar Аnomalies and Nomalies -- 9.5 The Distribution of Difference and Ratio Modifiers -- 9.5.1 The Distribution of Ratio Modifiers -- 9.5.2 The Distribution of Difference Modifiers -- Chapter Ten General Conclusions -- 10.1 Summary of Main Points -- 10.2 This Model and Beyond -- 10.2.1 Absolute Predicates-New Developments -- 10.2.2 Ontological Primitives: Degrees or Entity Sets? -- 10.2.3 Measurement Theory in Linguistics -- 10.2.4 Learning Orders and Beyond: Tolerance Inferences and Semi-Orders -- Appendix -- 1. Proofs of Compositionality of Sets of Necessary Conditions (cf., Chapter 7).

2. Sample of Proofs of the Predictions of the Learning Principle (cf., Chapter 8, cf. (21)) -- References -- Index.

This book presents a study of the connections between vagueness and gradability, and their different manifestations in adjectives (morphological gradability effects) and nouns (typicality effects). It addresses two opposing theoretical approaches from within formal semantics and cognitive psychology.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.