Intro -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- 1. Introduction -- Origin and Purpose of This Study -- Chapter Summaries -- Note -- References -- 2. MENA's Water Gap Will Grow Fivefold by 2050 -- Water Availability and Demand -- MENA's Current Water Balance: Already in the Red -- Climate Change Threatens MENA's Future Water Availability -- MENA's Future Water Demand: Population and GDP Factor -- Future Water Balance: The Gap Grows -- Imperative for Demand and Supply Management -- Notes -- References -- 3. Closing MENA's Water Gap Is Costly and Challenging -- Strategic Approach -- Unit Costs of Tactical Options -- Alleviating the Demand Gap -- Phasing of Tactical Options Strongly Influenced by Sunk Investment -- Transition from Conventional to CSP Desalination -- Phasing the Tactical Options -- Costs of Adaptation Measures -- Notes -- References -- 4. Desalination in MENA and Its Energy Implications -- Growth of Desalination in MENA and Associated Challenges -- Future Trends in Desalination -- Desalination Will Increase MENA's Energy Demand -- Can Energy Intensity of Desalination Be Reduced? -- MENA's Renewable Energy Potential -- Notes -- References -- 5. Potential for Renewable Energy Desalination -- Factors Affecting Renewable Energy Desalination Linkages -- CSP and Desalination Plant Design Considerations -- Innovation and Scaling-Up Will Reduce Costs -- Notes -- References -- 6. Environmental Impacts of Desalination -- Desalination: Atmospheric Pollution -- Desalination: Marine Pollution -- Desalination-Brine Disposal Options -- Necessity for Environmental Impact Assessment -- Regional Policy and Regulatory Frameworks Are Needed -- Notes -- References -- 7. CSP Desalination and Regional Energy Initiatives -- Energy Consumption in MENA.

Managing Barriers to Renewable Energy-Based Desalination -- Notes -- References -- 8. Conclusions -- MENA's Water Scarcity Is Bound to Grow -- MENA Increasingly Will Rely on Desalination -- Solar Energy Is MENA's Abundant Renewable Resource -- Costs of Inaction Will Be High -- The Solutions Are at Hand -- Next Steps -- Note -- Appendix A Water Demand and Supply in MENA Region -- Climate Change Will Affect MENA's Future Water Supply -- Current and Future Water Demand -- Notes -- References -- Appendix B Imperative for Demand and Supply Management -- Improving Institutions -- Demand Management -- Conventional Supply Management Options Are Limited -- Notes -- References -- Appendix C The True Cost of Desalination -- Notes -- References -- Appendix D Summary of Renewable Energy Policies and Legislation in MENA -- Notes -- Reference -- Back Cover.

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region is one of the most water stressed regions in the world. Water scarcity has already become a challenge to development in many of the countries. Due to increasing population and Projected climate change impacts, MENA's annual water demand gap is projected to grow five-fold by 2050, from today's 42 Km3 to 200 km3 by 2050.Despite its extreme scarcity, water is managed poorly. Inefficiencies are common in the agriculture, municipal and industrial systems; and many utilities are financially unsustainable. As a result, countries overexploit their fossil aquifers-and use desalination by fossil fuel-to meet the water demand gap. Desalination already plays a critical role in MENA's water supply portfolio. However, desalination is costly, energy intensive and has environmental impacts. On current trends, the projection is that, by 2050, Saudi Arabia and many other countries in the Region will consume for desalination most of the oil that they produce. Overexploitation of fossil aquifers is not sustainable. Neither is the use of fossil fuel for desalination to meet the growing water gap sustainable.This book outlines the challenges in terms of water (and also in terms of energy) that countries in the Region face and analyzes the scope of available options to address the growing water gap. The book estimates MENA's water gap today and into the future-until 2050; and presents a methodology to prioritize options to bridge the water gap, using the 'marginal cost of water' approach. The book also assesses the viability of renewable energy desalination as an important option to close the Region's water gap. The book compares the economic cost of desalination using fossil fuel and renewable energy sources, in particular the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). The book also provides recommendations as to how CSP based

desalination could ensure sustainable water supply for the Region.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.