Orden, David.
WTO Disciplines on Agricultural Support : Seeking a Fair Basis for Trade. - 1 online resource (520 pages)
Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acronyms -- General -- European Union -- United States -- Japan -- Norway -- Brazil -- India -- China -- Philippines -- PART I: Overview of domestic support issues and WTO rules -- 1 Introduction -- Domestic support rules -- Scope of the book -- Key issues in the analysis -- Compliance with the Agreement -- Accurate and meaningful measurement -- Tracking changes in domestic policies -- Contribution to transparency -- Contribution to national policy reform -- Contribution to international policy convergence -- Potential contribution of a Doha agreement -- The overall aim of this book -- References -- 2 The WTO disciplines on domestic support -- History of domestic support discipline in the WTO -- The discipline under the Agreement on Agriculture -- Key distinctions in constraining domestic support -- Domestic support notifications and the Committee on Agriculture -- Dispute settlement involving domestic support -- The Doha negotiations on domestic support -- Key distinctions in constraining domestic support under a Doha agreement -- Future entitlements to distorting support -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- PART II: Developed countries: have high levels of support come down? -- 3 European Union -- Domestic support in the EU -- Notifications of domestic support 1995/96-2008/09 -- Consistency with WTO limits -- Policy interpretation of the notifications -- Alternative notifications -- Doha and projected domestic support notifications, 2009/10-2015/16 -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 4 United States -- Domestic support in the US -- US farm policy since the Agreement -- The 2008 FCE Act -- Notifications of domestic support, 1995-2008 -- Green box support -- Current Total AMS -- Comparison of MPS measurements. Non-product-specific AMS support -- Consistency of US support with WTO commitments -- Other alternative subsidy measurement -- Disaster payments -- Federal tax exemptions for agriculture -- Crop and revenue insurance costs -- Irrigation and electric power -- Ethanol -- Projected US notifications and WTO constraints -- Under the Agreement -- Under the Doha draft modalities -- Future compliance with Doha -- Uncertainty due to the ACRE program -- Summary and implications for US agricultural policy -- References -- 5 Japan -- Political economy of the agricultural sector -- Small-scale farmers' political power -- The significance of farmland regulations -- Rice policy -- Government-led rice production cartel -- The 2007 reform and a subsequent shift in political power -- The DPJ takes power in 2009 -- Domestic support notifications and shadow notifications -- Notifications, 1995-2006 -- Green box -- Current Total AMS -- Shadow notifications, 2007 and 2008 -- Projections of domestic support notifications, 2009-2015 -- Constraints on projected support under the Agreement and Doha draft modalities -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 6 Norway -- Domestic agricultural policy -- Domestic support notifications -- Green box -- Blue box -- Current Total AMS and de minimis -- Alternative notifications -- Doha commitments and policy options for Norway -- Doha commitments -- Projections and policy options -- Conclusions -- References -- PART III: Developing countries: will low levels of support rise? -- 7 Brazil -- Brazil's agricultural support policies -- Production, marketing and investment credit programs -- Investment credit -- Output support programs -- Rural development and family farming support -- Debt management programs -- Agricultural risk insurance -- Domestic support notifications and shadow notifications -- Notifications, 1994/94-2005/06. Green box -- Development programs -- Product-specific AMS support: de minimis and CTAMS -- Non-product-specific de minimis AMS support -- Shadow notifications, 2006/07 and 2007/08 -- Support levels -- Alternatives to the notifications in relation to the WTO rules -- Reallocate Article 6.2 investment subsidies to non-product-specific AMS support -- Apply developed country rules to Brazil -- Recalculate MPS using total production rather than government procurement -- Alternative approaches to notifying the debt rescheduling programs -- Alternative approaches to notifying the Risk Minimizing Agribusiness Program -- Ethanol policies and the WTO rules -- Projected notifications through 2018 -- Possible Doha commitments -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 8 India -- Agriculture in India -- Domestic support notifications, 1995-1997 -- Shadow notifications, 1998-2008 -- Green box -- Development programs -- Product-specific AMS support -- Non-product-specific de minimis AMS support -- Domestic support trends -- Notification alternatives -- Projections and future commitments -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 9 China -- Agricultural sector and policy setting -- Agricultural policy -- Trade policies -- Domestic policies -- Notifications and shadow notifications, 1996-2008 -- Alternative measurements of support -- Direct payments -- Measuring market price support -- Adjustments in non-product-specific AMS support -- Reported input subsidies -- Agricultural taxes -- Non-reported input subsidies -- Domestic support projections, 2009-2016 -- Summary and conclusion -- References -- 10 Philippines -- Economic structure and policies -- Trade policies -- Agricultural support programs -- The hybrid rice production program -- Notifications of domestic support -- Shadow notifications -- Alternative calculations of MPS -- Projected support and Doha. Conclusion -- References -- PART IV: Looking forward: can fair markets be achieved? -- 11 The difficult task of disciplining domestic support -- Compliance with WTO commitments -- Trends in support among countries -- Doha's enhanced disciplines on domestic support -- How binding are the potential Doha constraints? -- Strengthening international disciplines beyond Doha -- Greater international transparency -- Accurate and meaningful measurements of support -- Green box disciplines -- Ensuring fair markets for food consumers -- The challenge ahead -- References -- Appendix A: Domestic support provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture -- Members -- PART I -- Article 1 Definition of Terms -- Article 2 Product Coverage -- PART II -- Article 3: Incorporation of Concessions and Commitments -- PART III -- Article 4 Market Access (not reproduced) -- Article 5 Special Safeguard Provisions (not reproduced) -- PART IV -- Article 6 Domestic Support Commitments -- Article 7 General Disciplines on Domestic Support -- PART V -- Article 8 Export Competition Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 9 Export Subsidy Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 10 Prevention of Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 11 Incorporated Products (not reproduced) -- PART VI -- Article 12 Disciplines on Export Prohibitions and Restrictions (not reproduced) -- PART VII -- Article 13 Due Restraint -- PART VIII -- Article 14 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (not reproduced) -- PART IX -- Article 15 Special and Differential Treatment -- PART X -- Article 16 Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries -- PART XI -- Article 17 Committee on Agriculture -- Article 18 Review of the Implementation of Commitments -- Article 19 Consultation and Dispute Settlement -- PART XII -- Article 20 Continuation of the Reform Process -- PART XIII. Article 21 Final Provisions (not reproduced) -- ANNEX 1 PRODUCT COVERAGE (not reproduced) -- ANNEX 2 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: THE BASIS FOR EXEMPTION FROM THE REDUCTION COMMITMENTS -- Government Service Programmes -- ANNEX 3 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: CALCULATION OF AGGREGATE MEASUREMENT OF SUPPORT -- ANNEX 4 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENT OF SUPPORT -- ANNEX 5 SPECIAL TREATMENT WITH RESPECT TO PARAGRAPH 2 OF ARTICLE 4 (not reproduced) -- Appendix B: Domestic support provisions of the Doha draft modalities -- I. DOMESTIC SUPPORT -- A. Overall reduction of trade-distorting domestic support: A Tiered Formula -- Base level -- Tiered reduction formula -- Implementation period and staging -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other commitments -- B. Final Bound Total AMS: A Tiered Formula -- Tiered reduction formula -- Implementation period and staging -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- C. Product-Specific AMS Limits -- General -- Special and differential treatment -- D. De minimis -- Reductions -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- E. Blue Box -- Basic criteria -- Additional criteria -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- F. Green Box -- G. Cotton: Domestic Support -- Reductions in support for cotton -- Implementation -- Special and differential treatment -- ANNEX A: UNITED STATES - PRODUCT SPECIFIC BLUE BOX LIMITS -- ANNEX B: ANNEX 2 OF ThE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE ShALL BE AMENDED AS FOLLOWS: -- Government Service Programmes -- General services (paragraph 2) -- Public stockholding for food security purposes -- Decoupled income support (paragraph 6). Payments (made either directly or by way of government financial participation in crop insurance schemes) for relief from natural disasters (paragraph 8).
Developed and key developing countries heavily support their farmers. Can the WTO reduce the worldwide harm these unilateral policies cause?.
9781139080903
Competition, Unfair.
Tariff on farm produce.
World Trade Organization.
Electronic books.
HF2651.F27 A289 2011
382.63
WTO Disciplines on Agricultural Support : Seeking a Fair Basis for Trade. - 1 online resource (520 pages)
Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acronyms -- General -- European Union -- United States -- Japan -- Norway -- Brazil -- India -- China -- Philippines -- PART I: Overview of domestic support issues and WTO rules -- 1 Introduction -- Domestic support rules -- Scope of the book -- Key issues in the analysis -- Compliance with the Agreement -- Accurate and meaningful measurement -- Tracking changes in domestic policies -- Contribution to transparency -- Contribution to national policy reform -- Contribution to international policy convergence -- Potential contribution of a Doha agreement -- The overall aim of this book -- References -- 2 The WTO disciplines on domestic support -- History of domestic support discipline in the WTO -- The discipline under the Agreement on Agriculture -- Key distinctions in constraining domestic support -- Domestic support notifications and the Committee on Agriculture -- Dispute settlement involving domestic support -- The Doha negotiations on domestic support -- Key distinctions in constraining domestic support under a Doha agreement -- Future entitlements to distorting support -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- PART II: Developed countries: have high levels of support come down? -- 3 European Union -- Domestic support in the EU -- Notifications of domestic support 1995/96-2008/09 -- Consistency with WTO limits -- Policy interpretation of the notifications -- Alternative notifications -- Doha and projected domestic support notifications, 2009/10-2015/16 -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 4 United States -- Domestic support in the US -- US farm policy since the Agreement -- The 2008 FCE Act -- Notifications of domestic support, 1995-2008 -- Green box support -- Current Total AMS -- Comparison of MPS measurements. Non-product-specific AMS support -- Consistency of US support with WTO commitments -- Other alternative subsidy measurement -- Disaster payments -- Federal tax exemptions for agriculture -- Crop and revenue insurance costs -- Irrigation and electric power -- Ethanol -- Projected US notifications and WTO constraints -- Under the Agreement -- Under the Doha draft modalities -- Future compliance with Doha -- Uncertainty due to the ACRE program -- Summary and implications for US agricultural policy -- References -- 5 Japan -- Political economy of the agricultural sector -- Small-scale farmers' political power -- The significance of farmland regulations -- Rice policy -- Government-led rice production cartel -- The 2007 reform and a subsequent shift in political power -- The DPJ takes power in 2009 -- Domestic support notifications and shadow notifications -- Notifications, 1995-2006 -- Green box -- Current Total AMS -- Shadow notifications, 2007 and 2008 -- Projections of domestic support notifications, 2009-2015 -- Constraints on projected support under the Agreement and Doha draft modalities -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 6 Norway -- Domestic agricultural policy -- Domestic support notifications -- Green box -- Blue box -- Current Total AMS and de minimis -- Alternative notifications -- Doha commitments and policy options for Norway -- Doha commitments -- Projections and policy options -- Conclusions -- References -- PART III: Developing countries: will low levels of support rise? -- 7 Brazil -- Brazil's agricultural support policies -- Production, marketing and investment credit programs -- Investment credit -- Output support programs -- Rural development and family farming support -- Debt management programs -- Agricultural risk insurance -- Domestic support notifications and shadow notifications -- Notifications, 1994/94-2005/06. Green box -- Development programs -- Product-specific AMS support: de minimis and CTAMS -- Non-product-specific de minimis AMS support -- Shadow notifications, 2006/07 and 2007/08 -- Support levels -- Alternatives to the notifications in relation to the WTO rules -- Reallocate Article 6.2 investment subsidies to non-product-specific AMS support -- Apply developed country rules to Brazil -- Recalculate MPS using total production rather than government procurement -- Alternative approaches to notifying the debt rescheduling programs -- Alternative approaches to notifying the Risk Minimizing Agribusiness Program -- Ethanol policies and the WTO rules -- Projected notifications through 2018 -- Possible Doha commitments -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 8 India -- Agriculture in India -- Domestic support notifications, 1995-1997 -- Shadow notifications, 1998-2008 -- Green box -- Development programs -- Product-specific AMS support -- Non-product-specific de minimis AMS support -- Domestic support trends -- Notification alternatives -- Projections and future commitments -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- 9 China -- Agricultural sector and policy setting -- Agricultural policy -- Trade policies -- Domestic policies -- Notifications and shadow notifications, 1996-2008 -- Alternative measurements of support -- Direct payments -- Measuring market price support -- Adjustments in non-product-specific AMS support -- Reported input subsidies -- Agricultural taxes -- Non-reported input subsidies -- Domestic support projections, 2009-2016 -- Summary and conclusion -- References -- 10 Philippines -- Economic structure and policies -- Trade policies -- Agricultural support programs -- The hybrid rice production program -- Notifications of domestic support -- Shadow notifications -- Alternative calculations of MPS -- Projected support and Doha. Conclusion -- References -- PART IV: Looking forward: can fair markets be achieved? -- 11 The difficult task of disciplining domestic support -- Compliance with WTO commitments -- Trends in support among countries -- Doha's enhanced disciplines on domestic support -- How binding are the potential Doha constraints? -- Strengthening international disciplines beyond Doha -- Greater international transparency -- Accurate and meaningful measurements of support -- Green box disciplines -- Ensuring fair markets for food consumers -- The challenge ahead -- References -- Appendix A: Domestic support provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture -- Members -- PART I -- Article 1 Definition of Terms -- Article 2 Product Coverage -- PART II -- Article 3: Incorporation of Concessions and Commitments -- PART III -- Article 4 Market Access (not reproduced) -- Article 5 Special Safeguard Provisions (not reproduced) -- PART IV -- Article 6 Domestic Support Commitments -- Article 7 General Disciplines on Domestic Support -- PART V -- Article 8 Export Competition Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 9 Export Subsidy Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 10 Prevention of Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments (not reproduced) -- Article 11 Incorporated Products (not reproduced) -- PART VI -- Article 12 Disciplines on Export Prohibitions and Restrictions (not reproduced) -- PART VII -- Article 13 Due Restraint -- PART VIII -- Article 14 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (not reproduced) -- PART IX -- Article 15 Special and Differential Treatment -- PART X -- Article 16 Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries -- PART XI -- Article 17 Committee on Agriculture -- Article 18 Review of the Implementation of Commitments -- Article 19 Consultation and Dispute Settlement -- PART XII -- Article 20 Continuation of the Reform Process -- PART XIII. Article 21 Final Provisions (not reproduced) -- ANNEX 1 PRODUCT COVERAGE (not reproduced) -- ANNEX 2 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: THE BASIS FOR EXEMPTION FROM THE REDUCTION COMMITMENTS -- Government Service Programmes -- ANNEX 3 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: CALCULATION OF AGGREGATE MEASUREMENT OF SUPPORT -- ANNEX 4 DOMESTIC SUPPORT: CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENT OF SUPPORT -- ANNEX 5 SPECIAL TREATMENT WITH RESPECT TO PARAGRAPH 2 OF ARTICLE 4 (not reproduced) -- Appendix B: Domestic support provisions of the Doha draft modalities -- I. DOMESTIC SUPPORT -- A. Overall reduction of trade-distorting domestic support: A Tiered Formula -- Base level -- Tiered reduction formula -- Implementation period and staging -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other commitments -- B. Final Bound Total AMS: A Tiered Formula -- Tiered reduction formula -- Implementation period and staging -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- C. Product-Specific AMS Limits -- General -- Special and differential treatment -- D. De minimis -- Reductions -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- E. Blue Box -- Basic criteria -- Additional criteria -- Special and differential treatment -- Recently-Acceded Members -- Other -- F. Green Box -- G. Cotton: Domestic Support -- Reductions in support for cotton -- Implementation -- Special and differential treatment -- ANNEX A: UNITED STATES - PRODUCT SPECIFIC BLUE BOX LIMITS -- ANNEX B: ANNEX 2 OF ThE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE ShALL BE AMENDED AS FOLLOWS: -- Government Service Programmes -- General services (paragraph 2) -- Public stockholding for food security purposes -- Decoupled income support (paragraph 6). Payments (made either directly or by way of government financial participation in crop insurance schemes) for relief from natural disasters (paragraph 8).
Developed and key developing countries heavily support their farmers. Can the WTO reduce the worldwide harm these unilateral policies cause?.
9781139080903
Competition, Unfair.
Tariff on farm produce.
World Trade Organization.
Electronic books.
HF2651.F27 A289 2011
382.63