Filmer, Deon
The Structure of Social Disparities in Education Gender and Wealth / Filmer, Deon [electronic resource] : Filmer, Deon - Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2000 - 1 online resource (60 p.) - Policy research working papers. World Bank e-Library. .
January 2000 - Wealth gaps in educational outcomes are large in many developing countries. And gender gaps, though absent in many societies, are large in some, particularly in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa. In some countries with a female disadvantage, household wealth interacts with gender to create an especially large gender gap among the poor. Using internationally comparable household data sets (Demographic and Health Surveys), Filmer investigates how gender and wealth interact to generate within-country inequalities in educational enrollment and attainment. He carries out multivariate analysis to assess the partial relationship between educational outcomes and gender, wealth, household characteristics (including level of education of adults in the household), and community characteristics (including the presence of schools in the community). He finds that: Women are at a great educational disadvantage in countries in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa; Gender gaps are large in a subset of countries, but wealth gaps are large in almost all of the countries studied. Moreover, in some countries where there is a heavy female disadvantage in enrollment (Egypt, India, Morocco, Niger, and Pakistan), wealth interacts with gender to exacerbate the gap in educational outcomes. In India, for example, where there is a 2.5 percentage point difference between male and female enrollment for children from the richest households, the difference is 34 percentage points for children from the poorest households; The education level of adults in the household has a significant impact on the enrollment of children in all the countries studied, even after controlling for wealth. The effect of the education level of adult females is larger than that of the education level of adult males in some, but not all, of the countries studied; The presence of a primary and a secondary school in the community has a significant relationship with enrollment in some countries only (notably in Western and Central Africa). The relationship appears not to systematically differ by children's gender. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - was prepared as background to, and with support from, a World Bank Policy Research Report on gender and development. Part of the study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Educational Enrollment and Dropout (RPO 682-11). The author may be contacted at dfilmer@worldbank.org.
10.1596/1813-9450-2268
Access and Equity in Basic Education
Adult Education
Communities & Human Settlements
Disability
Education
Education for All
Education Variables
Educational Attainment
Educational Outcomes
Effective Schools and Teachers
Enrollment
Enrollment Of Children
Enrollment Of Girls
Enrollment Rate
Enrollment Rate Of Boys
Enrollment Rate Of Children
Enrollment Rate Of Girls
Female Disadvantage In Enrollment
Gender
Gender and Development
Gender and Health
Gender and Law
Groups
Health, Nutrition and Population
Housing and Human Habitats
Human Rights
Indexes
Law and Development
Population Policies
Primary Education
Schooling
Schools
Social Protections and Labor
Universal Primary Education
Universal Primary Enrollment
The Structure of Social Disparities in Education Gender and Wealth / Filmer, Deon [electronic resource] : Filmer, Deon - Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2000 - 1 online resource (60 p.) - Policy research working papers. World Bank e-Library. .
January 2000 - Wealth gaps in educational outcomes are large in many developing countries. And gender gaps, though absent in many societies, are large in some, particularly in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa. In some countries with a female disadvantage, household wealth interacts with gender to create an especially large gender gap among the poor. Using internationally comparable household data sets (Demographic and Health Surveys), Filmer investigates how gender and wealth interact to generate within-country inequalities in educational enrollment and attainment. He carries out multivariate analysis to assess the partial relationship between educational outcomes and gender, wealth, household characteristics (including level of education of adults in the household), and community characteristics (including the presence of schools in the community). He finds that: Women are at a great educational disadvantage in countries in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa; Gender gaps are large in a subset of countries, but wealth gaps are large in almost all of the countries studied. Moreover, in some countries where there is a heavy female disadvantage in enrollment (Egypt, India, Morocco, Niger, and Pakistan), wealth interacts with gender to exacerbate the gap in educational outcomes. In India, for example, where there is a 2.5 percentage point difference between male and female enrollment for children from the richest households, the difference is 34 percentage points for children from the poorest households; The education level of adults in the household has a significant impact on the enrollment of children in all the countries studied, even after controlling for wealth. The effect of the education level of adult females is larger than that of the education level of adult males in some, but not all, of the countries studied; The presence of a primary and a secondary school in the community has a significant relationship with enrollment in some countries only (notably in Western and Central Africa). The relationship appears not to systematically differ by children's gender. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - was prepared as background to, and with support from, a World Bank Policy Research Report on gender and development. Part of the study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Educational Enrollment and Dropout (RPO 682-11). The author may be contacted at dfilmer@worldbank.org.
10.1596/1813-9450-2268
Access and Equity in Basic Education
Adult Education
Communities & Human Settlements
Disability
Education
Education for All
Education Variables
Educational Attainment
Educational Outcomes
Effective Schools and Teachers
Enrollment
Enrollment Of Children
Enrollment Of Girls
Enrollment Rate
Enrollment Rate Of Boys
Enrollment Rate Of Children
Enrollment Rate Of Girls
Female Disadvantage In Enrollment
Gender
Gender and Development
Gender and Health
Gender and Law
Groups
Health, Nutrition and Population
Housing and Human Habitats
Human Rights
Indexes
Law and Development
Population Policies
Primary Education
Schooling
Schools
Social Protections and Labor
Universal Primary Education
Universal Primary Enrollment